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Learned Behavior
Learned Behavior = A change in behavior that results from experience is called learning.
Many animals can alter their behavior based on experience.
Learning is also called acquired behavior.
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Learned Behavior
2. The four major types of learning are:
habituation
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
insight learning
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Learned Behavior
3. Habituation = is a process by which an animal decreases or stops its response to a repetitive stimulus that neither rewards nor harms it.
4. Example  a worm may stop responding to the shadow of something that neither provides the worm with food nor threatens it.
More examples?
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5. Why is habituation a beneficial behavioral adaptation?
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5. Why is habituation a beneficial behavioral adaptation? By ignoring a nonthreatening or unrewarding stimulus, animals can spend their time and energy more efficiently.
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Learned Behavior
6. Classical Conditioning 
Any time an animal makes a mental connection between a stimulus and some kind of reward or punishment, it has learned by classical conditioning.
An example of classical conditioning is the work of Pavlov and his dog. (Pavlov's experiment is shown on the next few slides.)
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Learned Behavior
7. Classical Conditioning Process:
A) Before Conditioning
When a dog sees or smells food, it produces saliva.
Food is the stimulus and the dog’s response is salivation.
Dogs do not usually salivate in response to nonfood stimuli.
Ivan Pavlov taught his dog to expect food whenever a bell was rung. Pavlov’s experiment is an example of classical conditioning, one of the four major types of learning.
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Learned Behavior
B. During Conditioning
By ringing a bell every time he fed the dog, Pavlov trained the dog to associate the sight and smell of food with the ringing bell.
Ivan Pavlov taught his dog to expect food whenever a bell was rung. Pavlov’s experiment is an example of classical conditioning, one of the four major types of learning.
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Learned Behavior
C. After Conditioning
When Pavlov rang a bell in the absence of food, the dog still salivated.
The dog was conditioned to salivate in response to a stimulus that it did not normally associate with food.
Ivan Pavlov taught his dog to expect food whenever a bell was rung. Pavlov’s experiment is an example of classical conditioning, one of the four major types of learning.
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Pavlov’s Dog & Conditioning:
Go to: Classical Conditioning
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Learned Behavior
8. Operant Conditioning  occurs when an animal learns to behave in a certain way through repeated practice, in order to receive a reward or avoid punishment.
Operant conditioning is also called trial-and-error learning.
Example:
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What do you think is going on?
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Learned Behavior
9. Operant conditioning was first described by B. F. Skinner.
Skinner invented a testing procedure using a “Skinner box.”
A Skinner box has a colored button that, when pressed, delivers a food reward.
After an animal is rewarded several times, it learns that it gets food whenever it presses the button.
2nd Skinner Box – Big Bang Theory
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Learned Behavior
10. Insight Learning = reasoning, occurs when an animal applies something it has already learned to a new situation, without a period of trial and error.
Insight learning is common among humans and primates.
If you are given a math problem on an exam, you use insight learning in order to solve it.
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What do you think is going on here? A) Situation B) Situation
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16. Instinct and Learning Combined
Most behaviors are a combination of instinct and learning.
Young white-crowned sparrows have an innate ability to recognize their own species’ song. To sing the complete version, the young birds must first hear it sung by adults.
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17. Instinct and Learning Combined
12. Imprinting
Some young animals learn to recognize and follow the first moving object they see during an early time in their lives. This process is called imprinting.
Imprinting keeps young animals close to their mother, who protects them and leads them to food.
Once imprinting occurs, the behavior cannot be changed.
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18. Instinct and Learning Combined
13. Imprinting can occur through scent as well as sight.
Example: Salmon imprint on the odor of the stream in which they hatch. When they are mature, salmon remember the odor of the stream and return there to spawn.
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Imprinting:
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Activity 2: Quick Lab 14. Go to Page 875 in Chapter 34-1 Elements of Behavior Packet. Read the Quick Lab. 15. Create a puzzle using the diagram. 16. List the materials you will need. 17. Run the experiment & create a table in your Lab Journal for the data. 18. Create a graph for your data in your Lab Journal.
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19. Analysis: How did the time change as you repeated the task? 20. Conclusion: What kind of learning did this display? ___________________Explain your answer: _______________________________
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