2. H atomic mass 1.00795 4x4.03180 amu He 4.00260 amu 0.0292 amu

3. H atomic mass 1.00795 4x4.03180 amu He 4.00260 amu 0.0292 amu So % mass decrease = 0.0292/4.0318 (x100)% 0.0072424227392231757527655141624088 %0.00724 x 100 = 0.724

4. H atomic mass 1.00795 4x4.03180 amu He 4.00260 amu 0.0292 amu So % mass decrease = 0.0292/4.0318 (x100)% 0.0072424227392231757527655141624088 %0.00724 x 100 = 0.724 By E = mc 2 1kg = (3x10 8 ) 2 J = 9x10 16 J

5. H atomic mass 1.00795 4x4.03180 amu He 4.00260 amu 0.0292 amu So % mass decrease = 0.0292/4.0318 (x100)% 0.0072424227392231757527655141624088 %0.00724 x 100 = 0.724% By E = mc 2 1kg = (3x10 8 ) 2 J = 9x10 16 J So 1gm = 9x10 13 J 0.7 x 10 -2 x 9x10 13 = 6.5 x 10 11

6. H atomic mass 1.00795 4x4.03180 amu He 4.00260 amu 0.0292 amu So % mass decrease = 0.0292/4.0318 (x100)% 0.0072424227392231757527655141624088 %0.00724 x 100 = 0.724 By E = mc 2 1kg = (3x10 8 ) 2 J = 9x10 16 J So 1gm = 9x10 13 J 0.7 x 10 -2 x 9x10 13 = 6.5 x 10 11 9x10 13 /4.2x10 9 = 2x10 4 20 kilotons TNT

7. H atomic mass 1.00795 4x4.03180 amu He 4.00260 amu 0.0292 amu So % mass decrease = 0.0292/4.0318 (x100)% 0.0072424227392231757527655141624088 %0.00724 x 100 = 0.724 By E = mc 2 1kg = (3x10 8 ) 2 J = 9x10 16 J So 1gm = 9x10 13 J 0.7 x 10 -2 x 9x10 13 = 6.5 x 10 11 9x10 13 /4.2x10 9 = 2x10 4 20 kilotons TNT The Nagasaki bomb had 6kg Plutonium and 1gm was converted so it was 20kT bomb S what??? Energy of one tone of TNT TNT equivalent is a method of quantifying the energy released in explosions. The ton (or tonne) of TNT is a unit of energy equal to 4.184 gigajoules, which is approximately the amount of energy released in the detonation of one ton of TNT. The megaton is a unit of energy equal to 4.184 petajoules[1].unit of energy gigajoulesTNTunit of energypetajoules[1]

8. By E = mc 2 1kg = (3x10 8 ) 2 J = 9x10 16 J So 1gm = 9x10 13 J 0.7 x 10 -2 x 9x10 13 = 6.5 x 10 11 9x10 13 /4.2x10 9 = 2x10 4 20 kilotons TNT The Hiroshima bomb had 6kg Plutonium and 1gm was converted so it was 20kT bomb S what??? Energy of one tone of TNT TNT equivalent is a method of quantifying the energy released in explosions. The ton (or tonne) of TNT is a unit of energy equal to 4.184 gigajoules, which is approximately the amount of energy released in the detonation of one ton of TNT. The megaton is a unit of energy equal to 4.184 petajoules[1].unit of energy gigajoulesTNTunit of energypetajoules[1]

9. FACTOR...or in full... or in words SI PREFIX SI SYMBOL 1,0E+24 1,0E+21 1,0E+18 1,0E+15 1,0E+12 1,0E+9 1,0E+6 1,0E+3 1,0E+2 1,0E+1 1,0E-1 1,0E-2 1,0E-3 1,0E-6 1,0E-9 1,0E-12 1,0E-15 1,0E-18 1,0E-21 1,0E-24 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 1 000 000 000 000 000 1 000 000 000 000 1 000 000 000 1 000 000 1 000 100 10 0,1 0,01 0,001 0,000 001 0,000 000 001 0,000 000 000 001 0,000 000 000 000 001 0,000 000 000 000 000 001 0,000 000 000 000 000 000 001 0,000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 septillion sextillion quintillion quadrillion trillion billion million thousand hundred ten tenth hundredth thousandth millionth billionth trillionth quadrillionth quintillionth sextillionth septillionth yotta- zetta- exa- peta- tera- giga- mega- kilo- hecto- deca- deci- centi- milli- micro- nano- pico- femto- atto- zepto- yocto- Y Z E P T G M k h da d c m µ n p f a z y Note: A very common mistake is that the prefix milli- stands for a millionth http://www.simetric.co.uk/siprefix.htm

12. H atomic mass 1.00782 4x4.03128 amu He 4.00260 amu 0.02868 amu So % mass decrease = 0.02868/4.03128 (x100)% %0.00711 x 100 = 0.711% By E = mc 2 1kg = (3x10 8 ) 2 J = 9x10 16 J So 1gm = 9x10 13 J 9x10 13 /4.2x10 9 = 2x10 4 So 1gm ≡ 20 kilotons of TNT When 1gm H → He 0.7% mass lost so the yield is 0.15kT TNT or ~150 Tons of TNT

13. So 1gm = 9x10 13 J 9x10 13 /4.2x10 9 = 2x10 4 So 1gm ≡ 20 kilotons of TNT When 1gm H → He 0.7% mass lost so the yield is 0.15kT TNT or ~150 Tons of TNT So what??? Energy of one ton of TNT TNT equivalent is a method of quantifying the energy released in explosions. The ton (or tonne) of TNT is a unit of energy equal to 4.184 gigajoules, which is approximately the amount of energy released in the detonation of one ton of TNT. The megaton is a unit of energy equal to 4.184 petajoules[1].unit of energy gigajoulesTNTunit of energypetajoules[1]

14. In the SI system (expressing the ratio E / m in joules per kilogram using the value of c in meters per second):SIjoulesmeters per second E / m = c2 = (299,792,458 m/s)2 = 89,875,517,873,681,764 J/kg (≈9.0 × 1016 joules per kilogram) So one gram of mass is equivalent to the following amounts of energy:gram 89.9 terajoulesterajoules 24.9 million kilowatt-hours (≈25 GW·h)kilowatt-hoursGW·h 21.5 billion kilocalories (≈21 Tcal) [2]kilocalories[2] 21.5 kilotons of TNT-equivalent energy (≈21 kt) [2]kilotonsTNT-equivalent[2] 85.2 billion BTUs[2]BTUs[2] Any time energy is generated, the process can be evaluated from an E = mc2 perspective. For instance, the "Gadget"-style bomb used in the Trinity test and the bombing of Nagasaki had an explosive yield equivalent to 21 kt of TNT. About 1 kg of the approximately 6.15 kg of plutonium in each of these bombs fissioned into lighter elements totaling almost exactly one gram less,GadgetTrinity testbombing of Nagasaki

15. FACTOR...or in full... or in words SI PREFIX SI SYMBOL 1,0E+24 1,0E+21 1,0E+18 1,0E+15 1,0E+12 1,0E+9 1,0E+6 1,0E+3 1,0E+2 1,0E+1 1,0E-1 1,0E-2 1,0E-3 1,0E-6 1,0E-9 1,0E-12 1,0E-15 1,0E-18 1,0E-21 1,0E-24 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 1 000 000 000 000 000 1 000 000 000 000 1 000 000 000 1 000 000 1 000 100 10 0,1 0,01 0,001 0,000 001 0,000 000 001 0,000 000 000 001 0,000 000 000 000 001 0,000 000 000 000 000 001 0,000 000 000 000 000 000 001 0,000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 septillion sextillion quintillion quadrillion trillion billion million thousand hundred ten tenth hundredth thousandth millionth billionth trillionth quadrillionth quintillionth sextillionth septillionth yotta- zetta- exa- peta- tera- giga- mega- kilo- hecto- deca- deci- centi- milli- micro- nano- pico- femto- atto- zepto- yocto- Y Z E P T G M k h da d c m µ n p f a z y Note: A very common mistake is that the prefix milli- stands for a millionth

16. Einstein used the CGS system of units (centimeters, grams, seconds, dynes, and ergs), but the formula is independent of the system of units. In natural units, the speed of light is defined to equal 1, and the formula expresses an identity: E = m. In the SI system (expressing the ratio E / m in joules per kilogram using the value of c in meters per second):CGSnatural unitsSIjoulesmeters per second E / m = c2 = (299,792,458 m/s)2 = 89,875,517,873,681,764 J/kg (≈9.0 × 1016 joules per kilogram) So one gram of mass is equivalent to the following amounts of energy:gram 89.9 terajoulesterajoules 24.9 million kilowatt-hours (≈25 GW·h)kilowatt-hoursGW·h 21.5 billion kilocalories (≈21 Tcal) [2]kilocalories[2] 21.5 kilotons of TNT-equivalent energy (≈21 kt) [2]kilotonsTNT-equivalent[2] 85.2 billion BTUs[2]BTUs[2] Any time energy is generated, the process can be evaluated from an E = mc2 perspective. For instance, the "Gadget"-style bomb used in the Trinity test and the bombing of Nagasaki had an explosive yield equivalent to 21 kt of TNT. About 1 kg of the approximately 6.15 kg of plutonium in each of these bombs fissioned into lighter elements totaling almost exactly one gram less, after cooling [The heat, light, and electromagnetic radiation released in this explosion carried the missing one gram of mass.][3] This occurs because nuclear binding energy is released whenever elements with more than 62 nucleons fission.GadgetTrinity testbombing of Nagasaki[3]binding energy Another example is hydroelectric generation.hydroelectric generation

17. The electrical energy produced by Grand Coulee Dam’s turbines every 3.7 hours represents one gram of mass. This mass passes to the electrical devices which are powered by the generators (such as lights in cities), where it appears as a gram of heat and light.[4] Turbine designers look at their equations in terms of pressure, torque, and RPM. However, Einstein’s equations show that all energy has mass, and thus the electrical energy produced by a dam's generators, and the heat and light which result from it, all retain their mass, which is equivalent to the energy. The potential energy—and equivalent mass— represented by the waters of the Columbia River as it descends to the Pacific Ocean would be converted to heat due to viscous friction and the turbulence of white water rapids and waterfalls were it not for the dam and its generators. This heat would remain as mass on site at the water, were it not for the equipment which converted some of this potential and kinetic energy into electrical energy, which can be moved from place to place (taking mass with it).Grand Coulee Dam’sturbines[4]Columbia Riverviscous frictionturbulence Whenever energy is added to a system, the system gains mass.

18. This is a sciencve class so Why is the sky blue Is there a mathematical relation Is rthere a diaagram What is the rul What is the question Is there an answer Is there a conclusion

19. So if the ratio is say frequency 1:2 Then Scattering 1:16 Blue light to Red ca 400nm:600nm So the ratio is 4:6 Scattering 4 4 :6 4 256: 1296 1296/256 = 5.062 6x6x6x6/4x4x4x4 = 3x3x3x3/2x2x2x2 =81/16 ~ 10/2 =5

20. Wavelengths = 1/frequency So do not have to convert scattering ~ ω 4 ~ 1/λ 4 580nm = 580 nm6 ~ 1296 = 13 x 10 2 405nm = 405 nm4 ~256 = 2.6X10 2 1cm = 10 7 nm10 5 ~10 20 = 10 18

21. Accuracy issues!!!!!! When to be accuirate And When You need an estimate Sine wave accuarte Blue scattering vv red Order of magnitude estimate OK Can I read it Is it organised so I can mark it Can I see the steps in sequence Was it lifted straigh from the web or did yoiun do the diagarams yourself -

22. Conventional bunker buster bombs yield range from less than 1 ton to MOAB's 11 tonnes.bunker buster MOAB Minor ScaleMinor Scale, a 1985 United States conventional explosion utilizing 4,800 short tons (4,400 t) of ANFO explosive to simulate a 4 kilotons of TNT (17 TJ) nuclear explosion, is believed to be the largest planned detonation of conventional explosives in history.ANFO The Little Boy atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, exploded with an energy of about 15 kilotons of TNT (63 TJ). The nuclear weapons currently in the arsenal of the United States range in yield from 0.3 kt (1.3 TJ) to 1.2 Mt (5.0 PJ) equivalent, for the B83 strategic bomb.Little Boyatomic bombHiroshima yieldB83 During the Cold War, the United States developed hydrogen bombs with a maximum theoretical yield of 25 megatons of TNT (100 PJ); the Soviet Union developed a prototype weapon, nick-named the Tsar Bomba, which was tested at 50 Mt (210 PJ), but had a maximum theoretical yield of 100 Mt (420 PJ).[5] The actual destructive potential of such weapons can vary greatly depending on conditions, such as the altitude at which they are detonated, the nature of the target they are detonated against, and the physical features of the landscape where they are detonated.Cold Warhydrogen bombs Soviet UnionTsar Bomba[5]

23. 1 megaton of TNT (4.2 PJ), when converted to kilowatt-hours, produces enough energy to power the average American household (in the year 2007) for 103,474 Years.[6] For example, the 30 Mt (130 PJ) estimated upper limit blast power of the Tunguska event could power the aforementioned home for just over 3,104,226 years. To put that in perspective: the blast energy could power the entire United States for 3.27 days.[7][6]Tunguska event[7] Megathrust earthquakesMegathrust earthquakes record huge MW values, or total energy released. The 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake released 9,560 gigatons of TNT (40,000 EJ) equivalent, but its ME (surface rupture energy, or potential for damage) was far smaller at 26.3 megatons of TNT (110 PJ).2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake On a much grander scale, supernova explosions give off about 1044 joules of energy, which is about ten octillion (1028) megatons of TNT.supernova The maximum theoretical energy from total conversion of matter to energy when 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) of antimatter annihilates with 1 kilogram of matter the reaction is 17.975 × 1016 J, which is equal to 42.92 Mt. This is given by the equation E = mc2.[8]total conversion of matter to energyantimatterannihilatesequationE = mc2[8]

24. FACTOR...or in full... or in words SI PREFI X SI SYMBO L 1,0E+24 1,0E+21 1,0E+18 1,0E+15 1,0E+12 1,0E+9 1,0E+6 1,0E+3 1,0E+2 1,0E+1 1,0E-1 1,0E-2 1,0E-3 1,0E-6 1,0E-9 1,0E-12 1,0E-15 1,0E-18 1,0E-21 1,0E-24 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 1 000 000 000 000 000 1 000 000 000 000 1 000 000 000 1 000 000 1 000 100 10 0,1 0,01 0,001 0,000 001 0,000 000 001 0,000 000 000 001 0,000 000 000 000 001 0,000 000 000 000 000 001 0,000 000 000 000 000 000 001 0,000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 septillion sextillion quintillion quadrillion trillion billion million thousand hundred ten tenth hundredth thousandth millionth billionth trillionth quadrillionth quintillionth sextillionth septillionth yotta- zetta- exa- peta- tera- giga- mega- kilo- hecto- deca- deci- centi- milli- micro- nano- pico- femto- atto- zepto- yocto- Y Z E P T G M k h da d c m µ n p f a z y Note: A very common mistake is that the prefix milli- stands for a millionth