1. C Programming Lecture 10 Instructor: Wen, Chih-Yu Department of Electrical Engineering National Chung Hsing University

2. Functions and 2-D Arrays Topics Passing 2-D arrays to functions Declare the size of a 2-D array Reading an entire 2-D array form a file Calling a function with a 2-D array Using a 2-D array in a function

3. Functions and 2-D Arrays /* Program for Lesson 6_6 */ #include #define MAX_NUM_ROWS 8 #define MAX_NUM_COLS 10 void function1(int m, int n, int b[ ][MAX_NUM_COLS]); void main (void) { int i,j, num_rows, num_cols; int a[MAX_NUM_ROWS][MAX_NUM_COLS]; FILE *infile; infile = fopen ("L6_6.DAT","r"); /*************************************************************** SECTION 1- READING A 2-D ARRAY FROM A FILE ***************************************************************/ fscanf (infile,"%d %d", &num_rows, &num_cols) ; for (i=0; i<num_rows; i++) { for (j=0; j<num_cols; j++) { fscanf(infile,"%d ", &a[i][j]); } Input file L6_6.DAT 3 4 1 2 3 4 2 4 6 8 3 5 7 9 In a function prototype, a 2-D array can have the left set of brackets empty, but the other set of brackets must be filled.

4. Functions and 2-D Arrays How to envision the array a[ ][ ]? 1 2 3 4 * * * * * * 2 4 6 8 * * * * * * 3 5 7 9 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

5. Functions and 2-D Arrays How to have a program to determine the actual numbers of rows and columns filled for two-dimensional arrays? Sentinel values: values that distinct from and cannot be confused with other data values (similar to how we handle EOF) From the input file How to read a 2-D array from a data file? for (i=0; i<num_rows; i++) { for (j=0; j<num_cols; j++) { fscanf(infile,"%d ", &a[i][j]); } Loop over the number of rows Loop over the number of columns

6. Functions and 2-D Arrays How to use a multidimensional array in the parameter list of a function call? /*********************************************************** ** SECTION 2 - CALLING A FUNCTION WITH A 2-D ARRAY ***********************************************************/ function1(num_rows, num_cols, a); /*********************************************************** ** SECTION 3 - PRINTING A 2-D ARRAY ***********************************************************/ for (i=0; i<num_rows; i++) { for (j=0; j<num_cols; j++) { printf("%d ", a[i][j]); } printf("\n"); } Calling function1. it is advisable to pass the number of rows and columns along with the array address to a function.

7. Functions and 2-D Arrays Passing the ability to access all array elements to a function function1(num_rows, num_cols, a); void function1(int m, int n, int b[ ][MAX_NUM_COLS]); Address of first element passed to pointer variable indicated with brackets

8. Functions and 2-D Arrays /*************************************************************** SECTION 4 - FUNCTION THAT PERFORMS OPERATIONS ON A 2-D ARRAY ***************************************************************/ void function1 (int m, int n, int b[ ][MAX_NUM_COLS]) { int i,j; for (i=0; i<m; i++) { for (j=0; j<n; j++) { b[i][j] += 100; }

9. Functions and 2-D Arrays Why to include the maximum number of columns in the second set of brackets of the array parameter in the prototype? For an array element, a[x][y] of an array declared with the size a[MAX_NUM_ROWS][MAX_NUM_COLS], C uses a formula to locate the element’s position in memory: sequence location = (x * MAX_NUM_COLS) + y + 1 a[1][2] (x = 1, y = 2) sequence location = (1 * 10) + 2 + 1 = 13, which is the 13th element.

10. Functions and 2-D Arrays For a 4-D array, what to include in the function prototype? #define I 10 #define J 5 #define K 8 #define L 3 int a[I][J][K][L]; Function prototype void function1(… int a[ ][J][K][L]…);

11. Functions and 2-D Arrays Function prototype and function declarator void function1(int m, int n, int b[ ][MAX_NUM_COLS]); void function1(int, int, int [ ][MAX_NUM_COLS]); C ignores the variable names in the function prototype.

12. Single Character Data Topics The set of characters Single character input and output Characters treated as integers Input buffer Flushing the buffer

13. Single Character Data How to declare character variables? Declared with the key word char. char var1, var2, var3, …; How to write an assignment statement with these character variables? Enclose the constant in single quotes, ‘ ’. For instance, c1 = ‘g’; How does C handle ANSI C character constants? C actually uses the integer value of the character functions and operations. Appendix A (ANSI C characters and their codes/values)

14. Single Character Data How to print characters? Use %c or %d conversion specification printf(“%c %c”, c1, c2);  print the character variables c1 and c2 printf(“%d %d”, c4, c5);  Cause the integer values to be printed How the putchar function work? Prints the character that is argument to the standard output device (screen). putchar (character) putchar(c2); Causes the value of the character c2 to be printed to the screen putchar(‘y’); Causes the character y to be printed to the screen

15. Single Character Data What does putchar(32) do? C uses the integer value of the character in its functions. putchar(32) causes the character represented by the integer value 32 to be printed to the screen (the character ‘space’). printf(“%c %c”, c1, c2); putchar(c1); putchar(32); putchar(c2);

16. Single Character Data How to read characters from the keyboard using the scanf function? Use %c conversion specification. scanf(“%c%c”, &c4, &c5); what does the function getchar do? Returns a character that has been input from the standard input device (keyboard) to the program. Works with the input buffer to get the information typed at the keyboard getchar(); Nothing should be put in the parentheses. c6 = getchar();

17. Single Character Data What is input buffer and how does it work with getchar? A buffer is a portion of memory reserved for temporarily holding the information that is being transferred. A position indicator keeps track of the point at which no further information has been read. The getchar function works with the buffer position indicator to retrieve the next character in the buffer and advance the position indicator. xp return xp\n Position indicator

18. Single Character Data getchar(); c6 = getchar(); c7 = getchar(); vs return xp\n Position indicator xp\nvs Position indicator

19. Single Character Data What are the difficulties in dealing with the getchar function? Need Enter to work An extra \n always will be in the buffer As further getchar calls are executed, the extra character may cause execution to be different from what it should be. How to solve this problem? The function fflush

20. Single Character Data What does the function fflush do? The function fflush can be used to flush or empty the buffer after obtaining the characters of interest. fflush(stdin); c8 = getchar(); c9 = getchar(); fflush(stdin); Flushing the buffer after the two calls allows the next calls to getchar to avoid reading extraneous characters. Flushed the input buffer before and after the two calls to getchar.

21. Single Character Data What is stdin? stdin is a file pointer, which is declared in stdio.h. In stdio.h, stdin is defined to point to the standard input stream. Therefore, fflush(stdin); flushes what is pointed by stdin, which is the standard input stream – the input buffer from the keyboard. Cannot choose to use stdin as an identifier for a variable

22. Single Character Data How to avoid the problems of getchar? The function getche This function does not work with the input buffer and, therefore, produced unbuffered input. It deals with the OS and does not require the Enter key to be pressed for the character code to be transferred. The form is getche(); where nothing should be put in the parentheses. Lose some portabilities of your program (not ANSI C compatible)

23. Single Character Data Why not forget getchar and just use scanf? scanf When the scanf function is activated, execution of the program stops. Execution begins again when the user presses the Enter key, causing scanf to read the information in the input buffer. Interprets the information in the input buffer based on the string literal used in the function call. 1. Conversion or format specifiers (begun with a %) 2. White-space characters (treats a space, Tab, and Enter as white space) 3. Non-white-space characters

24. The scanf Function Call scanf (“%c%c”, &c4, &c5); The string literal here has two conversion specifiers with no white- space and no non-white-space characters. It is difficult to deal with scanf characters because of the way that scanf function deals with white space in both the literal and the input buffer. A space can be interpreted as a character. scanf(“%c[ ]%c”, &c1, &c2); Will not accept [ ] [ ] [ ] as input ([ ] is a single space) Until a non-white-space character is pressed, scanf will not move forward

25. Strings and Pointers Declaring, Initializing, and Printing Strings (Lesson 7.1) Topics Character arrays Initializing single characters Initializing strings Printing strings Memory arrangement

26. Arrays and Strings What is a string? A string is an array of characters including the terminating null (\0) character. bb[0] = ‘c’; bb[1] = ‘a’; bb[2] = ‘t’; bb[3] = ‘\0’; The last memory cell contains the escape sequence,‘\0’, which is treated as a single character. ‘\0’ is called the null character.

27. Arrays and Strings “This is a string constant.” C recognizes this statement to be a string and adds \0 after the period when stored in memory The character array must be large enough to include the \0 character. A string is stored in a character array, whereas a single character is stored in a character variable.