2. #1 – Appeal To Authority Person A is (claimed to be) an authority on subject S. Person A makes claim C about subject S. Therefore, C is true. If someone asks an authority (authority meaning in this case, an expert) figure a question, it could be a fallacy if the person is bias, not an expert, or hasn’t experienced it. For example, a snake specialist at the zoo tells “George” that backpacks weigh too heavy for kids to wear and it will ruin their backs in the future, and then “George” believes it.

3. #8 Appeal to Fear Definition: Using fear or a threat to persuade someone into doing or believing something Example: "You know, Mr. Conn, I really need to get an A in this class. I'd like to stop by during your office hours later to discuss my grade. I'll be in your building anyways, visiting my father. He's your dean, by the way. I'll see you later." – Brooke Norling

4. #24 False Dilemma False Dilemma is when you claim that one thing is true because of something else that is false. False Dilemma is when you claim that one thing is true because of something else that is false. Example: "Look, you are going to have to make up your mind. Either you decide that you can afford this stereo, or you decide you are going to do without music for a while. ” – Chris Rogers Example: "Look, you are going to have to make up your mind. Either you decide that you can afford this stereo, or you decide you are going to do without music for a while. ” – Chris Rogers

5. Division The fallacy of Division is committed when a person infers that what is true of a whole must also be true of its constituents and justification for that inference is not provided. Zach Kutlow "The ball is blue, therefore the atoms that make it up are also blue. "Bill lives in a large building, so his apartment must be large. "Sodium chloride (table salt) may be safely eaten. Therefore its constituent elements, sodium and chloride, may be safely eaten."  

6. Fallacies In Composition By: Sarah Riccitelli

7. Definition Fallacy= A misconception resulting from incorrect reasoning Fallacy= A misconception resulting from incorrect reasoning Fallacy In Composition=When an assumption is made on a whole group, or class of things, based on a sample of the characteristics of a few individuals. Fallacy In Composition=When an assumption is made on a whole group, or class of things, based on a sample of the characteristics of a few individuals.

8. Example The papers are full of stories about major athletes using steroids to win. Athletes simply can not compete without using steroids. The papers are full of stories about major athletes using steroids to win. Athletes simply can not compete without using steroids.

9. Athletes Athletes who use steroids ATHLETES-STEROIDS FALLACY- ACTUAL SITUATION

10. FALLACY Uncompetitive Athletes (Losers) Competitive Athletes (Winners)

11. Genetic Fallacy The origin of a claim or thing is presented. The claim is true/(or false) or the thing is supported (or discredited). "Bill claims that 1+1=2. However, my parents brought me up to believe that 1+1=347, so Bill must be wrong." Jake Friedman

12. Definition: This fallacy is committed when it is assumed that the middle position between two extremes must be correct simply because it is the middle position. By Kelsey Santamaria

13. Example : Mr. Jadadadada has a tree in his backyard. Mrs. Guala says his tree is killing her petunias so she tells him to cut it down. Mr. Jadadadada doesn’t want to cut down his tree. Eventually it is decided for only half of Mr. Jadadadada’s tree to be cut down. Since he wants it and she doesn’t, half must be correct because it is a compromise. Mr. Jadadadada

14. Appeal to Flattery Flattery is presented in the place of evidence for accepting a claim. Example: “Wow mom, you look so skinny today, may I please get a raise in allowance and new rims for my car?” You look so skinny mom!!! Jessica Green

15. Questionable Cause By: Rachel Prather Period 4

16. What is a Questionable Cause? The general idea behind this fallacy is that it is an error in reasoning to conclude that one thing causes another simply because the two are associated on a regular basis. More formally, this fallacy is committed when it is concluded that A is the cause of B simply because they are associated on a regular basis. The error being made is that a causal conclusion is being drawn from inadequate evidence. The general idea behind this fallacy is that it is an error in reasoning to conclude that one thing causes another simply because the two are associated on a regular basis. More formally, this fallacy is committed when it is concluded that A is the cause of B simply because they are associated on a regular basis. The error being made is that a causal conclusion is being drawn from inadequate evidence. (http://www.nizkor.org/features/fallacies/questionable-cause.html) (http://www.nizkor.org/features/fallacies/questionable-cause.html)

17. For Example… Little Sally is on myspace and she decides to open a bulletin. The bulletin states that if the reader doesn’t repost it they will have an accident. Scoffing at the bulletin, Sally shuts off the computer and goes to sleep. The next day little Sally crosses the street and gets hit by a car and breaks her arm. As soon as she gets home from the hospital she reposts the bulletin 100 times in order to protect herself from further accidents. Little Sally is on myspace and she decides to open a bulletin. The bulletin states that if the reader doesn’t repost it they will have an accident. Scoffing at the bulletin, Sally shuts off the computer and goes to sleep. The next day little Sally crosses the street and gets hit by a car and breaks her arm. As soon as she gets home from the hospital she reposts the bulletin 100 times in order to protect herself from further accidents.

18. Visually… Little Sally browsing myspace Little Sally browsing myspace

19. darn Presenting unfavorable information about person A to person B, who has yet to meet person A, in order to create a bias Ex. During a speech or debate, you inform the audience why the other person is wrong before the have a chance to speak.

20. Biased Sample This fallacy is committed when a person draws a conclusion about a population from a biased sample Hmm, this Asian crashed, so that must mean that all Asians are bad drivers. Ex: If someone assumes that every Asian is a poor motor vehicle manipulator after seeing one Asian involved in an accident.

21. Burden of Proof - When the burden of proof is on the wrong side of the argument or - When Side A of an argument uses the lack of evidence for side B as Side A's evidence Fallacy #19 Chris McIntyre

22. Appeal to Emotion Someone manipulates people’s emotions in order to get them to accept the claim as being true The new buns burner will turn that blubber into steel. No longer troubled by your “extra” baggage, you can sport your new beautiful buns of brilliance with a delightful smile. Not only will you look amazing, but you’ll feel amazing, as the eyes of others are drawn to that delicious shake of steel. The buns burner: look great, feel even better. Sam Mohan

23. The Gamblers Fallacy The Gambler's Fallacy is committed when a person assumes that a departure from what occurs on average or in the long term will be corrected in the short term. Will is playing against Derrek in a WWII tank battle game. Derrek has had a great "streak of luck" and has been killing Will's tanks left and right with good die rolls. Will, who has a few tanks left, decides to risk all in a desperate attack on Derrek. He is a bit worried that Derrek might wipe him out, but he thinks that since Derrek’s luck at rolling has been great Derrek must be due for some bad dice rolls. Will launches his attack and Derrek butchers his forces.

26. Begging the Question aka Circular Reasoning Giving evidence for a claim by assuming that it is true; assumption is the evidence. Usually follows this form: "X is true. The evidence for this claim is that X is true.” "The belief in God is universal. After all, everyone believes in God.” Lauren Zeidler

27. Appeal to Authority Definition- When the person in question is not a legitimate authority on the subject Example- When Cartman tells everyone to RESPECT HIS AUTHORITY for no reason Brett Nieman

28. Ad Misericordiam (Appeal to Pity) An appeal to pity is when a person uses a claim intended to cause pity instead of real evidence as their argument. "I should receive an 'A' in this class. If I do not get an 'A' I will not get the internship I want." Amelia Meier

29. Slippery Slope (Camel’s Nose) Definition: A fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented. 1.Event X has occurred (or might occur.) 2.Therefore event Y will inevitably happen Example: "You can never give anyone a break. If you do, they'll walk all over you." By Erik Anderson

31. Appeal to Common Practice Definition: When most people do a common action, it is used as “evidence” to support the action or practice. Example: “Sure, some people buy into that equality crap. However, we know that everyone pays women less than men. It’s okay, too. Since everyone does it, it can’t really be wrong.” Picture: Even if “everyone” is cheating on a test, it doesn’t make it moral or justified.

32. Hasty Generalization Definition- This fallacy is committed when a person draws a conclusion about a population based on a sample that is not large enough Example- “I met a feminist who hated men, so all feminists must hate men.”

33. Straw Man: A Fallacy Kyle Stewart P-4

34. Definition When a person simply ignores a person's actual position and substitutes a distorted, exaggerated or misrepresented version of that position When a person simply ignores a person's actual position and substitutes a distorted, exaggerated or misrepresented version of that position(http://www.nizkor.org/features/fallacies/straw-man.html)

35. Example Mr. Conn: In this class we are going to write an essay once a week so you are well prepared for the AP test. Mr. Conn: In this class we are going to write an essay once a week so you are well prepared for the AP test. Purposely nameless and faceless student: Man, I hate writing pointless essays every day. Purposely nameless and faceless student: Man, I hate writing pointless essays every day.

36. Graphic Representation (http://www-personal.umich.edu/~lilyth/cartoon/mrdid.jpg)

37. Appeal to Novelty The belief that simply because something is new, it is right. Example: Robot dancing is the new hip craze, therefore it will bring about world peace. Shealyn Hindenlang

38. Special Pleading ~imposing standards/beliefs and rules upon another but considering oneself exempt without an adequate explanation Example: Please don’t harrass, kick, abuse, caress, poke, prod, molest, ruffle, punch, pester, bother, or touch the animals. All touching rights are reserved for me, because I have magic fingers. Oooooo! Natalie Lowell

39. Fallacies: Confusing Cause and Effect This fallacy is committed when a person draws the conclusion that A is the cause of B simply because the events A and B occur together. This fallacy is committed when a person draws the conclusion that A is the cause of B simply because the events A and B occur together. The mistake being made is that the causal conclusion is being drawn without adequate justification. The mistake being made is that the causal conclusion is being drawn without adequate justification. Example: It is claimed by some people that severe illness is caused by depression and anger. After all, people who are severely ill are very often depressed and angry. Thus, it follows that the cause of severe illness actually is the depression and anger. So, a good and cheerful attitude is key to staying healthy. By Katie Teare

40. Misleading Vividness is a fallacy in which a very small number of particularly dramatic events are taken to outweigh a significant amount of statistical evidence. Bill: one day I was walking and I tripped and fell on my face, then a bird came an pooped on me, then I got stepped on by a very heavy man with track shoes on (the ones with spikes on the bottom), then it started to rain and I got really wet and then I was struck by lightning. So I’m never going to walk again! Bob: wow what is the probability of that, I bet it will never happen again. I wouldn't worry about it. Bill: no way your crazy man that type of thing could happen to any one any second. E X A M P L E

41. By: Ben Stillinger

42. Description of Appeal to Consequences of a Belief Definition 1.X is true/false because if people did not accept X as true/false then there would be negative consequences. 2.X is true/false because if X is true/false there will be positive consequences. 3.I wish that X was true/false, therefore X is true/ false. This is also known as wishful thinking. Examples 1.“I don’t think there will be a nuclear war. If I believed that, I wouldn’t be able to get up in the morning. I mean, how depressing.” 2.I have a great desire for Amelie Mauresmo to be the greatest tennis player, therefore, I accept her as the greatest tennis player. = Scott Heyman

44. By Katie McConnell

45. A relativist fallacy occurs when someone rejects a claim by asserting that the claim may be true for others….but not necessarily for them. UGH! THE FORCES OF GAVITY MAKE STUFF FALL…stuff like bad skiers like me...ahhh Well, gravity may affect everything, but it doesn’t affect MEEE

46. Mmmkay I’m done.