1. Pest Control

2. Chemical and biological control of pests 4.5

3. Learning Objectives All students should know: The terms pest and pesticide The features of an efficient pesticide The advantages and disadvantages of chemical control The advantages and disadvantages of biological control The idea of integrated pest control systems

4. Starter Across 7. can not be broken down by micro-organisms. Down 1.large area of land that contains only one type of species. 2.toxic chemical used to kill pests. 3.toxic chemical used to kill weed. 4.can be broken down into non- toxic substances by micro- organisms. 5.the build up of toxic chemicals. 6.an unwanted organism that interferes with human activity and reduces crop yield.

5. Starter activity: Answer Across 7. can not be broken down by micro-organisms. Down 1.large area of land that contains only one type of species. 2.toxic chemical used to kill pests. 3.toxic chemical used to kill weed. 4.can be broken down into non- toxic substances by micro- organisms. 5.the build up of toxic chemicals. 6.an unwanted organism that interferes with human activity and reduces crop yield.

6. Management of Pests Pests are organisms that compete with humans for food and soil space or are potentially hazardous to health There are three main ways to manage pests: 1.Using pesticides (chemical control) 2.Using predators, parasites or pathogens (biological control) 3.Integrated Pest Management

7. Chemical Control Pesticides are toxic chemicals that kill pests. Ideally pesticides should be: Selectiveonly kills the species it is supposed to. Biodegradablecan be broken down into non toxic substances. It should be non toxic to other organisms Cost effectivedevelopment cost of pesticides are high and is only useful for a limited period of time as pest will become resistant to it over time. How does this happen? Not accumulatebuild up of pesticide in specific parts of an organism is not ideal as it will be passed along food chains. Non mobilestays where it is applied.

8. Advantages of Chemical Control Rapid eradication of pests – little delay Low skill level needed to apply them All pests can be removed Disadvantages of Chemical Control Toxicity to humans or other non-target animals Broad spectrum – non-target species also affected, pollinators, food chain disruption Pest resistance – selected for Pest replacement Pest resurgence – seen when using broad spectrum pesticides – eradicates predator of pest and the pest, the pest may emerge without predators Bioaccumulation – may accumulate in food chains

9. Bioaccumulation Bioaccumulation can occur if the pesticide does not quickly biodegrade Pesticides tend to be fat soluble and will accumulates in food chains. This problem becomes worse as the pesticide progresses along the food chain. May also accumulate in soils and affect decomposers

10. Example of Bioaccumulation (2) → → → DDT Insecticide in water (3 x 10 -6 DDT Insecticide in water (3 x 10 -6 ppm) DDT in zooplankton (0.04 ppm) DDT in large fish ( 2ppm) DDT in fish-eating birds (25ppm ) An example of bioaccumulation is DDT, it was used as an insecticide to kill mosquitoes. But insects slowly became resistant to it. High toxicity of DDT was found in fish which was consumed by birds. As you can see in this food chain the fish has about 10 times more DDT than zooplankton

11. Biological control Predators, pathogens and parasites of a pest can be used to control pests. An example of this could be ladybirds controlling whitefly on citrus fruit. Using a biological control does not eradicate the parasite but controls it, so it is manageable and natural. Ideally the parasite and pests should be present at a low level and in balance with each other. The pest should therefore have little affect.

12. Biological Control Advantages Does not harm non-target organisms, very specific No toxic chemicals used (no residues in soils, water) No bioaccumulation of chemicals in food chains No resistance is developed Disadvantages Low level of crop damage has to be tolerated as pest has to maintain the predator Development and research of appropriate control agents is expensive and lengthy

13. Differences between chemical and biological control Biological control Very specific, chosen predator would only eat the pest. Chemical control Can have some effect on other non-target organisms. Pests can develop genetic resistance to pesticides overtime Reapplied at intervals  expensive Pests does not become resistance. Control organism reproduces itself once it has been introduced therefore cheaper more cost effective. No residues, no pollution

14. Integrated pest-control systems Integrated pest control involves: 1.The introduction of an organism that is better suited to the local environment and is pest-resistance. 2.Provide suitable habitats for the crops. 3.Monitor crops for signs of pests regularly for earlier prevention. 4.Remove pests when it exceeds the acceptable population level. 5.Use biological agents if necessary 6.If the situation starts to get out of control use pesticide as last resort.