1. Quiz Answers 1. Show the output from the following code fragment: int a = 5, b = 2, c = 3; cout << a + b * c << endl; 11 2. Give an expression in C++ that is true when the variable age is between 0 and 100, inclusive. 0 <= age && age <= 100

2. Quiz Answers (cont'd) 3. What is a data object and what is a variable? A data object is a box that holds a value. A variable is a label for the box. 4. What is the value of the expression 5/3 and the value of the expression 5.0/3.0? 1 1.6666...

3. Quiz Answers (cont'd) 5. Give the syntax for the if-else statement. if ( ) else 6. What's wrong with the following code fragment? int a, b; cout << a + b << endl; The variables aren't initialized.

4. More on Boolean Expressions Simple Boolean (true/false) expressions are built by using relational operators: =, >, ==, != More complex ones can be built by combining simple expressions with Boolean operators: &&, ||, and !. The && operator is “and.” Both operands must be true. The || operator is “or.”

5. Examples of Boolean Expressions grade is between 90 and 100, inclusive: 90 <= grade && grade <= 100 (note: 0 <= grade <= 100 won't work) guests is even and is less than 100: guests % 2 == 0 && guests < 100 myAge or brothersAge is greater than 21: myAge > 21 || brothersAge > 21

6. More Examples age is not between 20 and 30, inclusive: !(20 <= age && age <= 30) Also, age 30 would work. a is bigger than b and bigger than c: a > b && a > c

7. Count-Controlled Loop A count-controlled loop can be used to repeat a section of code a variable number of times, if we know the value of the variable in advance: int n; cin >> n; for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) cout << “Hello, world!” << endl;

8. Common Pitfall Do not put a semicolon at the end of the loop statement: for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++); The semicolon ends the for statement and the loop does nothing. The code following the loop will be done only once.

9. Semicolons in C++ A semicolon changes an expression into a statement: a+b is an expression, a+b; is a statement (although it doesn't do anything). This is commonly use with assignment. a = b + c is an assignment expression. a = b + c; is an assignment statement. The semicolon by itself is the empty statement.

10. Nested for-loops For-loops can be nested, that is, the code inside of one loop is another loop. This is commonly used to process data in tables. The two loops should have different counters and may have different tests as well.

11. Nested For-loop Example The following code prints out the mult. table: #include using namespace std; int main(void) { for(int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) { for(int j = 1; j <= 10; j++) cout << setw(3) << i * j << " "; cout << endl; }

12. Example Output 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

13. While-Statement The while-statement can be used to create sentinel- controlled loops (those that read until a special value) and general-condition loops (those that loop until while some conditional is true) The syntax is: while ( )

14. While-Statement Operation When executing a while-statement, the test (Boolean-expression) is checked first. If it is true the statement is executed and the test is checked again. This continues until the test becomes false. The statement should somehow change the value of the test. If it doesn't, and the test is initially true, we have an infinite loop.

15. While-Statement Example int n = 1; while (n < 2000) { cout << n << “ “; n = n * 2; } cout << endl; produces the output: 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024

16. Sentinel-Controlled Loop A sentinel-controlled loop reads values in from the user and process them until a special (non-valid) value is read. The loop then stops when the sentinel is read. The sentinel is not processed like the data. The sentinel can be a special value, such as a negative number (assuming data is not negative).

17. Sentinel-Controlled Loop Example To find the sum of a list of non-negative grades ( int s), we could read until a negative number: int grade, sum = 0; cin >> grade; while (grade >= 0) { sum += grade; cin >> grade; } cout << sum << endl;

18. Exercise Modify grades.cpp to print out the average grade. The average is found by dividing the sum of the grades by the number of grades. You will need to add a counter to count the number of grades read in. Watch out for integer division.