1. Java2C# Antonio Cisternino Part V

2. Outline Assembly & co. Visual Studio environment Example: using DirectX from C#

3. Outline Assembly & co. Visual Studio environment Example: using DirectX from C#

4. Code packaging in Java Java classes are compiled into bytecode Each class C definition resides into a separate file named C.class Inner classes are stored in files whose names are formed by appending the class names separated with $ and the extension.class Jar files are ZIP files! Inside there are.class files and possibly a manifest with information about the package (i.e. the main class)

5. Code packaging in.NET.NET adopts a coarser grain packagin model w.r.t. Java Code is deployed in assemblies An assembly is a file whose format is based on Windows PE Inside an assembly there are one or more modules containing code Each code module may contain native code as well as CIL

6. Assemblies The special case for CLI files is defined within the standard: it is platform independent A CLI section of PE is formed by several tables describing one or more types: data (code) and metadata An assembly could be signed and has a version Signature and version are controlled using assemblies custom attributes

7. Assembly’s metadata General information: [assembly: AssemblyTitle("Direct3D Sample")] [assembly: AssemblyDescription("Example of using Direct3D 8 from C#")] [assembly: AssemblyConfiguration("")] [assembly: AssemblyCompany("Antonio Cisternino")] [assembly: AssemblyProduct("")] [assembly: AssemblyCopyright("")] [assembly: AssemblyTrademark("")] [assembly: AssemblyCulture("Neutral")] Version information: [assembly: AssemblyVersion("1.0.*")] // Major.Minor.Build.Revision Assembly signing: [assembly: AssemblyDelaySign(false)] [assembly: AssemblyKeyFile("")] [assembly: AssemblyKeyName("")]

8. CLR and Assemblies Execution Engine relies on assemblies to find and load types Assemblies can be precompiled to improve load time (ngen tool) There is no CLASSPATH, assemblies are searched as follows:  Determines the correct assembly version by examining applicable configuration files, including the application configuration file, publisher policy file, and machine configuration file. If the configuration file is located on a remote machine, the runtime must locate and download the application configuration file first.  Checks whether the assembly name has been bound to beforeand, if so, uses the previously loaded assembly.  Checks the global assembly cache. If the assembly is found there, the runtime uses this assembly.  Probes for the assembly using the following steps: If configuration and publisher policy do not affect the original reference and if the bind request was created using the Assembly.LoadFrom method, the runtime checks for location hints. If a codebase is found in the configuration files, the runtime checks only this location. If this probe fails, the runtime determines that the binding request failed and no other probing occurs. Probes for the assembly using the heuristics described in the probing section. If the assembly is not found after probing, the runtime requests the Windows Installer to provide the assembly. This acts as an install-on-demand feature.

9. Assembly cache CLR relies on two caches: the global assembly cache (GAC) and the native image cache that contains pre- compiled assemblies.NET Framework ships with utilities to manage these caches (gacutil and ngen) Cache and assembly-level loading enable a wide range of JIT optimization techniques Tradeoffs are:  Disk space  Load time  Execution time

10. Outline Assembly & co. Visual Studio environment Example: using DirectX from C#

11. Visual Studio 7 Visual Studio is becoming an open development environment The.NET version can be extended with a (near to) public interface called Babel Each language has a plugin that handle with syntax checking, intellisense, etc. It supports outlining: code becomes structured and code navigation becomes easier The debugger is integrated into the environment and is multi-language

12. Demo

13. Outline Assembly & co. Visual Studio environment Example: using DirectX from C# Example: Web services

14. DirectX DirectX is an API that exposes direct access to peripherals from programs It is widely used to game programming due to a significant improvement of performances There are several modules to cope with 3D graphics, 2D drawing, input, sound and so on It is a C++ library accessible from VB and.NET through a COM component

15. Accessing DirectX from C# To access DirectX from C# the only way is to use interoperability The COM component is called DIRECT.DirectX8.0 and has a type-library Using tlbimp it is possible to get a.NET assembly that exposes all the interfaces of that component The C# application uses the output as DirectX library Unsafe code is needed to be able to call certain interface methods!

16. Initialization DX8 = new DirectX8Class(); D3D = DX8.Direct3DCreate(); D3DDISPLAYMODE mode = new D3DDISPLAYMODE(); D3D.GetAdapterDisplayMode((int)CONST_D3DCONST.D3DADAPTER_D EFAULT, ref mode); D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS d3dpp = new D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS(); d3dpp.Windowed = 1; d3dpp.SwapEffect = CONST_D3DSWAPEFFECT.D3DSWAPEFFECT_COPY_VSYNC; d3dpp.BackBufferFormat = mode.Format; D3DDevice = D3D.CreateDevice((int)CONST_D3DCONST.D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, CONST_D3DDEVTYPE.D3DDEVTYPE_HAL, this.Handle.ToInt32(), CONST_D3DCREATEFLAGS.D3DCREATE_SOFTWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING, ref d3dpp);

17. Custom vertices Direct3D allows a flexible vertex format that can be controlled using bitmasks In our case: struct CUSTOM_VERTEX { public float x; public float y; public float z; public float rhw; public uint color; public CUSTOM_VERTEX(float xx, float yy, float zz, float r, uint c) { x = xx; y = yy; z = zz; rhw = r; color = c; }

18. Rendering of two triangles protected override void OnPaint(PaintEventArgs e) { unsafe { CUSTOM_VERTEX[] vertices = new CUSTOM_VERTEX[]{ new CUSTOM_VERTEX(10, 10, 0.5f, 1, 0xffff0000), …}; int sizeOfVertices = sizeof(CUSTOM_VERTEX) * vertices.Length; Direct3DVertexBuffer8 vb; vb = D3DDevice.CreateVertexBuffer(sizeOfVertices, 0, (int)(CONST_D3DFVFFLAGS.D3DFVF_XYZRHW | CONST_D3DFVFFLAGS.D3DFVF_DIFFUSE), CONST_D3DPOOL.D3DPOOL_DEFAULT); fixed (void* v = vertices) { int pData; byte* src = (byte*)v, dest; vb.Lock(0, sizeOfVertices, out pData, 0); dest = (byte*)pData; for (int i = 0; i < sizeOfVertices; i++) *dest++ = *src++; } D3DDevice.Clear(0, new IntPtr(0), CONST_D3DCLEARFLAGS.D3DCLEAR_TARGET, unchecked((int)0xff666699), 1.0f, 0); D3DDevice.BeginScene(); D3DDevice.SetStreamSource(0, vb, sizeof(CUSTOM_VERTEX)); D3DDevice.SetVertexShader((int)(CONST_D3DFVFFLAGS.D3DFVF_XYZRHW | CONST_D3DFVFFLAGS.D3DFVF_DIFFUSE)); D3DDevice.DrawPrimitive(CONST_D3DPRIMITIVETYPE.D3DPT_TRIANGLELIST, 0, 2); D3DDevice.EndScene(); D3DDevice.Present(new IntPtr(0), new IntPtr(0), 0, new IntPtr(0)); }}

19. Demo

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