1. Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 EE 1105 : Introduction to EE Freshman Seminar Lab-Lecture: Op Amp Circuits, Embedded Computing

2. Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Binary Counting Base 2 vs Base 10 How many fingers do you have? (probably 10) 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9…. 10…! But, wait! It’s not a single digit representing “ten”!!! “1 – ten and 0 – ones”

3. Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Binary Counting Digits… You can count on your fingers in Base 10…

4. Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Binary Counting Base 2

5. Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Binary Counting Base 2… cont’d Finger Counting

6. Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Binary Counting Base 2… cont’d Why is this important? All modern computing is done in Binary! To learn more, including how to easily convert between Base 2 and base 10: http://www.purplemath.com/modules/numbbase.htm http://www.purplemath.com/modules/numbbase.htm There are other “bases” too, Base 16, Base 20… all important

7. Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Binary Counting Base 2… in Hardware? But Binary Numbers Can be Thought of as On/ Off Switches in hardware… 1/ 0 … On/ Off Like a row of light switches!

8. Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Transistors Water Analogy

9. Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Transistors Water analogy cont’d…BJT! Bipolar Junction Transistor  A bipolar junction transistor (BJT or bipolar transistor) is a type of transistor that relies on the contact of two types of semiconductor for its operation. BJTs can be used as amplifiers, switches, or in oscillators.transistorsemiconductoramplifiers oscillators  Two main types: NPN and PNP

10. Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Transistors Water analogy cont’d…BJT! BJTs are variable valves!  By changing the “pressure” to the Base… you can change the “flow” from the Emitter to the Collector  Like turning “up” the knob on the water hose! Changing V EB changes I C small changes in V EB = large changes in I C

11. Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Transistors In Practice BJTs can be combined to make … Stuff  By combining BJTs you can create  Switches  Op-Amps  Oscillators  Inverters

12. Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Transistor use: Digital Inverter

13. Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 The Operational Amplifier The op amp is built using VLSI techniques. The circuit diagram of an LM 741 from TI is shown below. Vcc+ Vcc- VoVo V n (-) Taken from TI data sheet as shown on the web. V p (+)

14. Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 The basic op amp with supply voltage included is shown in the diagram below. The Operational Amplifier

15. Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Op-Amp Rules of Op-Amps –Voltage supplied at “+” appears at “-” –No current applied to inputs –Has “infinite” gain… in no feedback configuration

16. Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Op-Amp Inverting Op-Amp  If R f = R i Then A V = V out = -V in

17. Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Ideal Op-Amp

18. Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Feedback Connection

19. Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Op-Amp Circuits

20. Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Op-Amp Circuits Integrator Circuit Vout either ground or smaller than rail Vin between ground and Vout

21. Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 D/A and A/D conversion

22. Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) n=4, G=-0.5

23. Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) and the Process of Sampling

24. Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Analog to Digital Converter using a DAC

25. Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) Sample and Hold Circuit

26. Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Texas Instruments MSP430 LaunchPad The LaunchPad development board features: –14-/20-pin DIP (N) socket – Built-in flash emulation for debugging and programming –2 programmable LEDs –1 power LED –1 programmable button –1 reset button Includes one mini USB cable to interface with a PC. MSP430G2553IN20 – 16kB Flash, 512B RAM, interruptible GPIOs (capacitive sense- capable), 16-bit timers, 8ch 10- bit ADC, Comparator, Serial Communication (USCI – I2C, SPI & UART) & moreMSP430G2553IN20 26 Programming Constructs Data Types - Primitives (Integer, Float, etc) - Const, Var, Pointer - Complex (Lists, arrays, etc.) - Register values (tied to hardware) - Timer (clocks, tied to hardware) Operations on data - +, -, =, etc. Control Statements - If, case (conditional) - While, For (loops) Function calls - User defined - Main () - MSP 430 specific: ex. ConfigureADC

27. Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 TI’s Embedded Processor Portfolio Microcontrollers (MCU)Application (MPU) MSP430C2000TivaHerculesSitaraDSPMulticore 16-bit32-bit 16/32-bit32-bit Ultra Low Power & Cost Real-time All-around MCU Safety Linux Android All-around DSP Massive Performance MSP430 ULP RISC MCU Real-time C28x MCU ARM M3+C28 ARM Cortex-M3 Cortex-M4F ARM Cortex-M3 Cortex-R4 ARM Cortex-A8 Cortex-A9 DSP C5000 C6000 C66 + C66 A15 + C66 A8 + C64 ARM9 + C674 Low Pwr Mode  0.1 µA  0.5 µA (RTC) Analog I/F RF430 Motor Control Digital Power Precision Timer s /PWM 32-bit Float Nested Vector Int Ctrl (NVIC) Ethernet (MAC+PHY) Lock step Dual-core R4 ECC Memory SIL3 Certified $5 Linux CPU 3D Graphics PRU-ICSS industrial subsys C5000 Low Power DSP 32-bit fix/float C6000 DSP Fix or Float Up to 12 cores 4 A15 + 8 C66x DSP MMAC’s: 352,000 TI RTOS (SYS/BIOS) TI RTOS (SYS/BIOS) TI RTOS (SYS/BIOS) N/A Linux, Android, SYS/BIOS C5x: DSP/BIOS C6x: SYS/BIOS Linux SYS/BIOS Flash: 512K FRAM: 64K 512K Flash 512K Flash 256K to 3M Flash L1: 32K x 2 L2: 256K L1: 32K x 2 L2: 256K L1: 32K x 2 L2: 1M + 4M 25 MHz300 MHz80 MHz220 MHz1.35 GHz800 MHz1.4 GHz $0.25 to $9.00 $1.85 to $20.00 $1.00 to $8.00 $5.00 to $30.00 $5.00 to $25.00 $2.00 to $25.00 $30.00 to $225.00

28. Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Next week, robotics and control 28