1. 1 The Plasma Membrane The Plasma Membrane - Gateway to the Cell

2. 2 Photograph of a Cell Membrane

3. 3 Types of Transport Across Cell Membranes

4. 4 Simple Diffusion NORequires NO energy HIGH to LOWMolecules move from area of HIGH to LOW concentration

5. 5 DIFFUSION PASSIVE Diffusion is a PASSIVE process which means no energy is used to make the molecules move, they have a natural KINETIC ENERGY

6. 6 Diffusion of Liquids

7. 7 Diffusion through a Membrane Cell membrane Solute moves DOWN concentration gradient (HIGH to LOW)

8. 8 Osmosis Diffusion of water across a membraneDiffusion of water across a membrane Moves from HIGH water potential (low solute) to LOW water potential (high solute)Moves from HIGH water potential (low solute) to LOW water potential (high solute) Diffusion across a membrane Semipermeable membrane

9. 9 Diffusion of H 2 O Across A Membrane High H 2 O potential Low solute concentration Low H 2 O potential High solute concentration

10. 10 Cell in Isotonic Solution CELL 10% NaCL 90% H 2 O 10% NaCL 90% H 2 O What is the direction of water movement? The cell is at _______________. equilibrium ENVIRONMENT NO NET MOVEMENT

11. 11 Cell in Hypotonic Solution CELL 10% NaCL 90% H 2 O 20% NaCL 80% H 2 O What is the direction of water movement?

12. 12 Cell in Hypertonic Solution CELL 15% NaCL 85% H 2 O 5% NaCL 95% H 2 O What is the direction of water movement? ENVIRONMENT

13. 13 Cells in Solutions

14. 14 Isotonic Solution NO NET MOVEMENT OF H 2 O (equal amounts entering & leaving) Hypotonic Solution CYTOLYSIS Hypertonic Solution PLASMOLYSIS

15. 15 Cytolysis & Plasmolysis Cytolysis Plasmolysis

16. 16 Osmosis in Red Blood Cells Isotonic Hypotonic Hypertonic

17. 17 hypotonichypertonic isotonic hypertonicisotonic hypotonic

18. 18 Three Forms of Transport Across the Membrane

19. 19 Passive Transport Simple Diffusion  Doesn’t require energy  Moves high to low concentration Example: Oxygen or water diffusing into a cell and carbon dioxide diffusing out  Example: Oxygen or water diffusing into a cell and carbon dioxide diffusing out.

20. 20 Passive Transport Facilitated diffusion  Doesn’t require energy  Uses transport proteins to move high to low concentration Examples: Glucose or amino acids moving from blood into a cell.

21. 21 Proteins Are Critical to Membrane Function

22. 22 Active Transport  Requires energy or ATP  Moves materials from LOW to HIGH concentration  AGAINST concentration gradient

23. 23 Active transport  Examples: Pumping Na + (sodium ions) out and K + (potassium ions) in against strong concentration gradients.  Called Na+-K+ Pump

24. 24 Sodium-Potassium Pump 3 Na+ pumped in for every 2 K+ pumped out; creates a membrane potential

25. 25 Moving the “Big Stuff” Molecules are moved out of the cell by vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane. Exocytosis Exocytosis - moving things out. This is how many hormones are secreted and how nerve cells communicate with one another This is how many hormones are secreted and how nerve cells communicate with one another.

26. 26 Exocytosis Exocytic vesicle immediately after fusion with plasma membrane.

27. 27 Moving the “Big Stuff” Large molecules move materials into the cell by one of three forms of endocytosis Large molecules move materials into the cell by one of three forms of endocytosis.

28. 28Pinocytosis Most common form of endocytosis Most common form of endocytosis. Takes in dissolved molecules as a vesicle Takes in dissolved molecules as a vesicle.

29. 29 Pinocytosis Cell forms an invaginationCell forms an invagination Materials dissolve in water to be brought into cellMaterials dissolve in water to be brought into cell Called “Cell Drinking”Called “Cell Drinking”

30. 30 Example of Pinocytosis pinocytic vesicles forming mature transport vesicle Transport across a capillary cell (blue).

31. 31 Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis Some integral proteins have receptors on their surface to recognize & take in hormones, cholesterol, etc.

32. 32 Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

33. 33 Endocytosis – Phagocytosis Used to engulf large particles such as food, bacteria, etc. into vesicles Called “Cell Eating”

34. 34 Phagocytosis About to Occur

35. 35 Phagocytosis Phagocytosis - Capture of a Yeast Cell (yellow) by Membrane Extensions of an Immune System Cell (blue)

36. 36 Exocytosis The opposite of endocytosis is exocytosis. Large molecules that are manufactured in the cell are released through the cell membrane. Inside Cell Cell environment