1. Women, Sport, and Exercise in the 19th Century

2. MASCULINITY: the images, ideas, and symbols traditionally defined as belonging to the male sex. FEMININITY: the images, ideas, and symbols traditionally defined as belonging to the female sex.

3. Kingston Gazette April 28, 1812 “… an exercise which allowably beneficial to the health when practiced in the proper place, loses that merit when a delicate girl mounts a lofty and dangerous swing just after leaving a warm tea room, and at that hour of all others when the chilly dew is most prejudicial to even a strong constitution.”

4. British Medical Journal 1867 “As a body who practise among women, we have constituted ourselves, as it were the guardians of their interests, and – in many cases – the custodians of their honour. We are, in fact, the stronger and they the weaker. They are obliged to believe all that we tell them and we, therefore, may be said to have them at our mercy.”

5. Class, religion, fashion, and medicine Fashion

10. Frederick Barnjum – Montreal What shall we say of girls who, by the conventional rules of society, are debarred from taking more than the semblance of exercise. They have not the same opportunity for romping as boys. Poor little missie must walk home in the most genteel manner possible, perhaps indulging in a softened laugh with some companion – her arms carefully hugged to her sides, motion of the lower extremities only being permitted, added to which her poor little body is in all probability forced in by one of those instruments of death called corsets, binding up the naughty muscles that are begging and praying to be let loose and have an opportunity of strengthening themselves, and the young lady is considered to be in a highly satisfactory condition if she is pale and weak; but no matter, it is the natural thing for girls to be weak…I do not hesitate to say that any young lady placed under the care of an intelligent, well- educated teacher, cannot fail to attain a degree of health which otherwise she never would have dreamed of.

11. Indian Clubs

13. The Bicycle

15. Anti-masturbation rhetoric

19. Pierre de Coubertin 1912 “We feel that the Olympic Games must be reserved for men…We must continue to try to achieve the following definition: the solemn and periodic exaltation of male athleticism with internationalism as its base, loyalty as a means, art for its setting, and female applause as reward” “We feel that the Olympic Games must be reserved for men…We must continue to try to achieve the following definition: the solemn and periodic exaltation of male athleticism with internationalism as its base, loyalty as a means, art for its setting, and female applause as reward”

20. The Matchless Six: Bell, Smith, Cook, Rosenfeld, Thompson, Catherwood

21. Canadian women-- “Matchless Six”: 2 Gold, 1 Silver, and 1 Bronze

22. The Canadian women’s team leaving for Amsterdam

23. L-R: Bell, Cook, Smith, Rosenfeld

24. Toronto World 1924

25. Bobbie Rosenfeld

27. 1966

28. http://www.jwa.org/exhibits/rosenfeld/deedfm.htm 1950—Canada’s Female Athlete of the Half-Century

29. Bobbie Rosenfeld Feminine Sports Reel Globe & Mail ( 1938-59 ) Alexandrine Gibb in Toronto Daily Star, “No Man’s Land of Sports” (1928-40) Phyllis Griffiths in Toronto Telegram, “The Girl and the Game” (1928-42)

30. Montreal Daily Star 1929 - 1969

31. 1.6 meters not beaten by a Cdn til 1954 Ethel Catherwood “Saskatoon Lily”

33. Maxwell Stiles - Los Angeles Examiner (1932) “The Canadian girls are undoubtedly the prettiest and most wholesome looking group of girls who have arrived for the competition. They constitute a denial of the general idea that a woman athlete must be built like a baby grand piano and have a face like a hatchet. Their ages range from 16 to 21, and they are here to show the world that Canada has some splendid young women who are good- looking and who know how to conduct themselves.”

34. Avery Brundage (IOC President 1952-1972) “I think women’s events should be confined to those appropriate for women - swimming, tennis, figure skating, and fencing, but certainly not shot-putting”

35. Edmonton Commercial Graduates Basketball Team 1915 - 1940

36. Coach, manager, promoter Percy Page Feeder system – juniors, boys Regional, national, international A traveling women’s team

37. 1915

38. 1932

39. 1940

41. Shooting Stars National Film Board of Canada (1993)