1. Assessment of Plumbing Code Enforcement in the United States Kyle Onda April 23, 2014 Alexandria, VA 2014 Emerging Technology Symposium

2. Introduction Health Risks Health and Safety

3. Introduction Health Risks Health and Safety Known Health Risks Theoretical Mitigation Measures

4. Introduction Health Risks Health and Safety Known Health Risks Theoretical Mitigation Measures Codes and Regulations

5. Introduction Health Risks Health and Safety Known Health Risks Theoretical Mitigation Measures Codes and Regulations Compliance Enforcement

6. Introduction Health Risks Health and Safety Known Health Risks Theoretical Mitigation Measures Codes and Regulations Compliance Enforcement

7. Introduction Health Risks Health and Safety Known Health Risks Theoretical Mitigation Measures Codes and Regulations Compliance Enforcement State and local governments

8. Outline State plumbing code enforcement regimes Dimensions of state code enforcement Categorization of code enforcement regimes Local plumbing code enforcement official survey Capacity Effort Strategies

9. Dimensions of State Code Enforcement Type of plumbing code Local enforcement role Local discretion Standardization of local enforcement State review of local enforcement State revocation of local enforcement

10. Dimensions of State Code Enforcement Type of plumbing code 1. No code 2. Enabling code 3. Mandatory statewide code

11. Dimensions of State Code Enforcement Local Enforcement Role 1. State delegates to local government on an individual basis 2. Broad authorization of local code enforcement 3. Mandatory local enforcement

12. Dimensions of State Code Enforcement Local discretion: How local code enforcement agencies are permitted to amend the state code 1. Prohibited 2. Can make more stringent with state permission 3. Can amend to suit local conditions with state permission 4. Can amend the code or adopt a different code without state permission

13. Dimensions of State Code Enforcement Local Standardization 1. No particular requirements 2. State prescription of requirements for personnel certification, allowable enforcement actions, record- keeping, and other administrative procedures

14. Dimensions of State Code Enforcement State Review 1. No state review of local enforcement 2. Review process of vague frequency 3. Reviews initiated based on complaints to state officials 4. Mandatory, regular/ periodic reviews

15. Dimensions of State Code Enforcement State Revocation 1. State reserves right to revoke authority of local agencies to conduct inspections and issue permits 2. No mention

16. Dimensions of State Code Enforcement State Revocation 1. State reserves right to revoke authority of local agencies to conduct inspections and issue permits 2. No mention

17. Nationally Representative Plumbing Enforcement Official Survey Asked about enforcement practices, agency capacity, effort expended on different activities, perceived compliance ~2500 Agencies selected with probability proportional to population of jurisdiction Each response weighted according to this probability

25. Factor Analysis Action CategorySystematic Philosophy Facilitative Philosophy Deterrent0.550.28 Standardization0.660.14 Discretion0.080.58 Incentives0.240.64 Techanical Assistance0.530.13

26. Cluster Analysis

28. Local Strategy AccomodativeFacilitativeStrictEnergeticTotal State Regime Minimalist0.040.03570.0020.0070.0847 Enabling0.06030.06690.00590.01440.1475 Mandatory0.09430.06290.02610.05080.2341 Standardized0.11320.09680.03740.00750.2549 Energetic0.17250.07040.00670.02930.2789 Total0.48030.33270.07810.1091

37. Next Steps Investigate Hypotheses: State Policy-> Agency Capacity State Policy->Agency Strategy-> Perceived Compliance Different Agency areas of effort-> Perceived Compliance Present Findings ETS Conference Water policy?/ Water Sci & Tech? Final Report Industry newsletter?