1. THE SUN Every second, the sun converts 500 million metric tons of hydrogen to helium. Due to the process of fusion, 5 million metric tons of excess material is converted into energy in each second. This means that every year, 157,680,000,000,000 metric tons are converted into energy. The material from one second of energy is about 1x1027 (one octillion thousand) watts of energy. On Earth, we receive about 2/1,000,000,000 (two billionths) of that energy, or about 2x1018 (two quintillion) watts. This is enough energy to power 100 average light bulbs for about 5 million years -- longer than humans have been standing upright. Every second, the sun converts 500 million metric tons of hydrogen to helium. Due to the process of fusion, 5 million metric tons of excess material is converted into energy in each second. This means that every year, 157,680,000,000,000 metric tons are converted into energy.

2. THE EARTH’S SOURCE OF POWER

4. FUSION DEUTERIUM TRITIUM HELIUM NEUTRON http://fusioned.gat.com

5. Nuclear Fusion Nuclear fusion is the process by which multiple nuclei join together to form a heavier nucleus. It is accompanied by the release or absorption of energy depending on the masses of the nuclei involved. Iron and nickel nuclei have the largest binding energies per nucleon of all nuclei and therefore are the most stable. The fusion of two nuclei lighter than iron or nickel generally releases energy while the fusion of nuclei heavier than them absorbs energy; vice-versa for the reverse process, nuclear fission.

6. Complete the Reaction 1H 4 Be 1H1H 8O8O 2 He 1H1H 6C6C 1 H element atomic number (protons) 6C6C

7. Cookie Fusion Procedure Cut 2 squares of wax paper 10 cm on a side Cut 5 cm wide slice of cookie dough (atom) Find the mass of the atom and record on the table Place the atom one cm away from the edge of a wax paper square Repeat step 2 thru 4 for a second atom Place the atoms about 2 cm from each other Place both atoms on a plate and microwave for 1 minute Remove the “new element” and let cool for 2 minutes Find the mass of the “new element” Complete the table

8. Cookie Fusion Mass Before Cooking Mass After Cooking Atom 1 Atom 2 Total Difference

9. Fusion Changes Mass to Energy E=mc 2 H HeHe 1kg Hydrogen.993 kg Helium

11. What is Solar Energy? Originates with the thermonuclear fusion reactions occurring in the sun. Represents the entire electromagnetic radiation (visible light, infrared, ultraviolet, x-rays, and radio waves).

12. How much solar energy? The surface receives about 47% of the total solar energy that reaches the Earth. Only this amount is usable.

13. Global Solar Energy Balance Solar Energy Input (TeraWatts)178,000 Reflected to Space Immediately53,000 Absorbed and Then Reflected as Heat82,000 Used to Evaporate Water (Weather)40,000 Captured by Plant Photosynthesis100 Total Energy Used by Human Society 10 Total Energy Used by US Society2.5 Total Human Food Energy 0.6 www.hubbertPeak.com/debate/oilcalcs.htm 1 Terawatt = 1x10 12 Watts