1.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 23 - Bluetooth™ Wireless Technology Outline 23.1 Introduction 23.2 History of Bluetooth Wireless Technology 23.3 Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) 23.3.1 SIG Membership 23.3.2 Product Qualification 23.4 Bluetooth Wireless Communications Technology 23.5 Profiles 23.5.1 Generic Access Profile 23.5.2 Service Discovery Application Profile 23.5.3 Serial Port Profile 23.5.4 Cordless Telephony Profile 23.5.5 Intercom Profile 23.5.6 Headset Profile 23.5.7 Dial-Up Networking Profile 23.5.8 Fax Profile 23.5.9 Local Area Network (LAN) Access Profile

2.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Chapter 23 - Bluetooth™ Wireless Technology 23.5.10 Generic Object Exchange Profile 23.5.11 Object Push Profile 23.5.12 File Transfer Protocol Profile 23.5.13 Synchronization Profile 23.6 Piconets and Scatternets 23.7 Bluetooth Security 23.8 Other Wireless Networks: 802.11b and HomeRF 23.9 Devices and Applications 23.10 Future of Bluetooth Wireless Technology 23.11 Case Study: Introduction to Bluetooth Programming 23.11.1 Bluetooth Chat Application 23.11.2 Host Controller Interface (HCI) 23.11.3 Inquiry Stage 23.11.4 Connection 23.11.5 Service Discovery 23.11.6 COM Connection 23.12 Internet and World Wide Web Resources

3.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 23.1 Introduction Bluetooth TM wireless technology enables communications between computers and various devices, reducing and even eliminating the need for wires. Bluetooth wireless technology creates personal area networks (PANs) –Devices search, or page, the surrounding area (up to 30 feet) for other devices which they can communicate with and contact May be one of the fastest growing wireless communications technologies

4.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 23.1 Introduction Many obstacles face Bluetooth wireless technology –security concerns –high costs –manufacturer support –complex programming (based in lower levels of application development at the present time)

5.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 23.2 History of Bluetooth Wireless Technology Conceived in 1994 by Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson based in Stockholm, Sweden –Examined using low-power, short-range radio frequencies for wireless communications between devices Two famous people connected with Bluetooth –King Harald Blatland, 10 th century Viking King of Denmark (Blatland translates to Bluetooth in English) –Hedy Lamarr, an actress that helped George Antheil discover frequency hopping technology (frequencies should “hop” around on various communications channels because they are harder to intercept)

6.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 23.3 Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) Formed in 1998 by Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Toshiba and Nokia to develop a standard for Bluetooth wireless technolgy Membership benefits –access to other member companies’ patents and technologies Membership constraints –must conform to SIG-qualification testing –all information must be shared to advance the technology

7.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 23.3.1 SIG Membership Over 2000 companies participate in SIG 3 levels –Promoter –Associate –Adopter Each level has different fees and different offerings –Promoter level is the highest but costs the most, also has non-restricted access to all technologies and specifications –Adopter membership is free but access to certain SIG information is limited

8.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 23.3.1 SIG Membership Fig. 23.1Bluetooth SIG promoter members and their Web addresses.

9.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 23.3.2 Product Qualifications All products must pass qualification for a company to apply the Bluetooth trademark to a product –ensures interoperability –Developers follow profiles and usage models to build applications profiles define different types of behaviors that devices containing Bluetooth technology use to communicate Testing performed by members called Bluetooth Qualification Bodies at Bluetooth Qualification Testing Facilities Bluetooth Qualification Program Reference –controlling document for all product qualifications and requirements Not all products have the same qualification process

10.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 23.4 Bluetooth Wireless Communications Technology Protocol stack: set of technological rules that developers implement to achieve Bluetooth capabilities 7 layers –Bluetooth Radio layer is at the bottom of the protocol stack –Radio signals are at the core of Bluetooth –Every Bluetooth module includes radio transceiver –Baseband layer provides technical settings to enable receiving and sending of radio signals and is a core protocol –Link Manager, another core protocol, sets up a communications link on a Bluetooth device, configures it and performs security functions (such as authentications)

11.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 23.4 Bluetooth Wireless Communications Technology –Host Controller Interface (HCI) produces a bridge over which the host computer communicates with lower level protocol –Logical Link Control and Adaptation Layer Protocol (L2CAP) provides data services to upper-layer protocols –RFComm layer emulates the signal by which serial ports receive and process data uses Service Discover Protocol (SDP) and Telephony Control Protocol (TCS) –Last layer comprised of various existing protocols

12.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 23.4 Bluetooth Wireless Communications Technology Fig. 23.2Bluetooth protocol stack and the OSI layers.

13.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 23.5 Bluetooth Profiles Profiles define specification and usage of Bluetooth wireless technology –profiles may reuse part of or reference another profile –profiles can share security, user interfaces and procedures, and specify the order in which procedures can combine All profiles are built using the Generic Access Profile

14.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 14 23.5 Profiles

15.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 15 23.5 Profiles Fig. 23.4Relationships and interdependence of Bluetooth profiles. (Courtesy of The Bluetooth SIG, Inc.)

16.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 16 23.5.1 Generic Access Profile Generic Access Profile: provides developers with basic settings for all other profiles –guidelines for establishing contact with Bluetooth devices –offers technical descriptions of setting modes –documents definitions, recommendations and requirements for procedures –covers establishing links and sets the user interface requirements for Bluetooth wireless devices –defines security level for the device

17.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 17 23.5.2 Service Discovery Application Profile Service Discovery Application Profile (SDAP): sets level of investigation that a Bluetooth-enabled device can perform when inquiring about other Bluetooth-enabled device services Defines features and procedures for applications that discover services registered in other devices Describes how to retrieve desired available information for those services Covers how a device requests a certain service or whether it can browse a menu of services on other devices

18.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 23.5.3 Serial Port Profile Serial Port Profile: acts as a technical base for 8 other profiles Defines the protocols and procedures that will allow a device to emulate a signal transmission of a serial port cable

19.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 19 23.5.4 Cordless Telephony Profile The Cordless Telephony Profile defines interoperability requirements of the 3-in-1 Phone Usage Model

20.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 20 23.5.5 Intercom Profile Intercom Profile: supports the Walkie-Talkie Usage Model, which defines requirements for Bluetooth devices that support intercom functionality within the 3-in-1 phone case Limited because of its focus on the Cordless Telephony Profile

21.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 21 23.5.6 Headset Profile Headset Profile: supports the Ultimate Headset Usage Model Defines how a cordless headset can connect to a cell phone or another other hands-free communications device

22.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 22 23.5.7 Dial-Up Networking Profile Dial-Up Networking Profile: allows a device to use a mobile phone as a modem to connect to a network

23.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 23 23.5.8 Fax Profile Fax Profile: defines how to program various devices to send faxes

24.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 24 23.5.9 Local Area Network (LAN) Access Profile Local Area Network (LAN) Access Profile: defines how Bluetooth devices establish a connection to a LAN through access points and function as if they had a dial-up connection Defines computer to computer connection to a LAN and multiple Bluetooth devices

25.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 25 23.5.10 Generic Object Exchange Profile Generic Object Exchange Profile: defines protocols for transferring data or objects over

26.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 26 23.5.11 Object Push Profile Object Push Profile: defines using a device such as a cell phone to push, or send, data without an initial request from another device –data can be text or audio Defines pulling an object from another device –pulling based on a device request

27.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 27 23.5.12 File Transfer Protocol Profile File Transfer Protocol Profile: supports client and server abilities to browse another device’s file system and transfer files and folders to between the devices

28.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 28 23.5.13 Synchronization Profile Synchronization Profile: supports exchange or updating information to different devices –Scenarios include cell phones, PDAs or PCs. Defines how data synchronizes without user commands when two Bluetooth-enabled devices come within range of each other

29.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 29 23.6 Piconets and Scatternets Connected Bluetooth devices form piconets Interconnected piconets form scatternets, which form as Bluetooth devices move through an area Bluetooth communications –point-to-point: one master device (device that initiates inquiries to other devices) communicates with one slave device (responding device) –point-to-multipoint: one master device can communicate with up to seven slave devices in the piconet Devices can act as both a master or a slave device –device address: unique 48-bit number assigned to the device when manufactured device address of a master device determines the frequency-hopping pattern and the slave device synchronizes to the sequences

30.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 30 23.6 Piconets and Scatternets Bluetooth devices communicate over the 2.4 GHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) spectrum through frequency hopping Frequency hopping reduces interferences, power consumption and lowers costs as compared to other transmission methods –Low-powered modes of Bluetooth devices include park, hold and sniff

31.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 31 23.7 Bluetooth Security Security issues are a major concern for Bluetooth wireless technology Bluetooth SIG recommends trust levels: Trusted Device Level and Untrusted Device Level Bluetooth uses secret-key cryptography –initialization key –link key Core protocols address security issues and settings –Generic Access Profile defines 3 security modes Security Mode 1 Security Mode 2 Security Mode 3

32.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 32 23.8 Other Wireless Networks: 802.11b and HomeRF 802.11b is intended for college campus and corporate use –transmission speeds can reach 11Mbps –transmission range can reach up to 300 feet –supports data transmissions on the 2.4GHz spectrum HomeRF developed for home networks (e.g., SOHOs) –supports up to 128 devices –tranmission speeds can reach 1-2Mbps –supports data and voice transmissions on 2.4GHz spectrum –tranmission range up to 300ft 802.11b and Bluetooth transmissions interfere with one another which causes technical difficulties

33.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 33 23.9 Devices and Applications Over 250 products on the market since the year 2000 Bluetooth possibilities could be endless –enables the creation of wireless offices, link computers via LANs, connect mice and keyboards to PCs without cables, connect PCs to printers –could link cell phones to ATMs –Bluetooth Local Information Point (BLIP) could allow stores or kiosks to send advertisements –Bluetooth PC Cards

34.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 34 23.9 Devices and Applications Examples of Companies developing Bluetooth services and devices –IBM offers a adhoc network simulator –ThinAirApps Inc. is developing technology to enable wireless users to view corporate data and print it remotely –Axis Communications is collaborating with Classwave to produce wireless e-mail, Internet access and m-commerce transactions solutions –Microsoft, Palm Inc. and others are building devices such as PDAs to support Bluetooth

35.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 35 23.10 Future of Bluetooth Wireless Technology

36.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 36 23.11 Case Study: Introduction to Bluetooth Programming Bluetooth training available through Ericsson and Teleca Comtec at the Bluetooth Academy

37.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 37 23.11.1 Bluetooth Chat Application Fig. 23.6Bluetooth chat application interface.