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The Presidency - 1 I.Historical Development of the Presidency A.Initial Constitutional Provisions 1. institutionally strong with vague, shared powers B.

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Presentation on theme: "The Presidency - 1 I.Historical Development of the Presidency A.Initial Constitutional Provisions 1. institutionally strong with vague, shared powers B."— Presentation transcript:

1 The Presidency - 1 I.Historical Development of the Presidency A.Initial Constitutional Provisions 1. institutionally strong with vague, shared powers B. Historically Weak, Occasionally Strong - e.g., Washington, Jefferson, Jackson, Lincoln, T. Roosevelt, Wilson C.Franklin Roosevelt: establishing the “Modern Presidency”(1933-1945) 1. Foundation: Progressivism 2. Trigger Events: the Great Depression 3. Response: the “1st 100 Days” 4. Results: the “New Deal” programs 5. elected to four terms--served 12+ years 6. creates mandatory leadership role

2 The Presidency - 2 II.Presidential Elections: “Old” to “New” Style A. Nominations: Caucuses vs. PrimariesNominationsPrimaries 1. Caucuses Party-dominated 2. Primaries Candidate-dominated B. General Elections: 1. Organization: Party vs. Candidate 2. Strategies: a. Canvassing vs. TV b. Insider vs. Outsider appeals 3. Financing: Unrestricted vs. Regulated a. 1971 Federal Election Campaign Act—report donation sources/amounts b. 1974 FECA Amendments—tried to limit campaign donations and expenditures i. Buckley v. Valeo (1976) “independent spending” c. 1979 FECA Amendments i. "soft money” d. 2002 McCain-Feingold i. Limits Soft MoneyLimits Soft Money ii. Limits Interest Group Ads iii. Limits Free Speech (?) -Limits Free Speech Courts Say No e. Citizens United v. FEC (2010) Corporations can spend independently

3 C.The Electoral College 1. Rules: 538 votes, majority rule a. Votes Cast by States: unit rule b. If No Majority: Congress selects 2. Consequences: a. ‘Small State’ AdvantagesAdvantages b. ‘Big State’ Advantages—comes from unit rule 3. Effects: Magnifies VictoryEffects usually: PV winner = EC winner rarely: PV winner ~= EC winnerrarely III. The Presidential Institution A. Powers of the Presidency 1. What are the boundaries? a. Strict Constructionist— Example: W.H. Taft i. Powers granted are those ONLY listed in Constitution or granted by Congress ii. All other powers are forbidden iii. Not a feasible point of view after FDR The Presidency - 3

4 The Presidency - 4 b. Trustee—Teddy Roosevelt i. Powers granted are those NOT STRICTLY FORBIDDEN by the Constitution ii. All other powers are allowable, if in the public’s interest c. Public President—Woodrow Wilson i. President helps define the public interest ii. President is the only voice in politics that has a national constituency iii. President helps lead public opinion. “His office is anything he has the sagacity and force to make it.” d. Prerogative President—Abraham Lincoln i. In times of crisis, president has no bounds on power ii. Can even violate the Constitution iii. Has no choice, if it is to save the Union Union

5 2.Sources of power: examples a. Constitution - veto power b. Statute Law - central legislative clearance/budget making power (1921 Budget & Accounting Act)central legislative clearance c. Precedent i. executive privilege B. Structure of the Presidency 1. pre-FDR arrangements: small, informal 2. Executive Office of the President (1939) 3. Subsequent: growth (1940s-1973)Subsequent decline (1974-1978) stability (1979-present) 4. Composition of EOP Composition C. Internal Operations of the Presidency 1. Presidential Management Styles - pyramid model - wheel model - dynamics of change over timeStyles 2. Staff Orientations - personal service to president - institutional service to presidency - have changed over time The Presidency - 5

6 The Presidency - 6 IV. The Nature of Presidential Relations A. The Presidential Perspective: “Permanent Crisis”Permanent Crisis 1. Imperative Responsible for Initiative: - President as "Chief...""Chief..." 2. Short Time Frame for Action - ‘windows of opportunity’ “First 100 Days” “Presidential Honeymoon” 3. Interdependent Relations - Neustadt: “separated institutions sharing power” B.Recent Developments: Divided Government 1. Rise of Split Ticket VotingSplit Ticket Voting 2. Chronic Divided GovernmentDivided Government 3. Disappearing Moderate MiddleModerate Middle 4. Consequence: More Difficult to Lead

7 The Presidency -7 C. Methods of Achieving Goals: - Persuasion, not Command 1. The Exchange Model: "inside" strategy through bargaining with elites - bargaining advantages - professional reputation - public prestige 2. The “Going Public” Model:Model "outside" strategy - decentralized institutional leadership - fragmented interest group structure - increased salience of public opinion - easier to “go public”—technology has made it possible

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