1. Learning Xiangyun Du and Lars Peter Jensen xiangyun@plan.aau.dk

2. Agenda Different perceptions on learning and knowledge General learning experiences in PBL, AAU Individual learning styles Discussions on developing learning strategies

3. Aims To achieve more understanding of learning from different perspectives To bring about self-awareness of learning To share experiences and develop more learning strategies

4. Waves of Knowledge Management Knowledge come from books

5. Waves of Knowledge Management Technology Domination  Knowledge as information  Put information into database  Limitation in accessibility - outdated database

6. Waves of knowledge management Knowledge as practice Knowledge is contextualized People are creating and managing knowledge instead of only receiving Technology is used to support learning

7. Learning is how brain works

8. Learning as internalization Rogoff 1995

9. Learning as participation in activities Rogoff 1995

10. Experiential learning - Kolb’s learning cycle Learning is the process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experiences - David Kolb 1984 Active Experiment Abstract conceptualisation Reflective Observation Concrete Experience Grasping via APPREHENSION Grasping via COMPREHENSION Accommodative knowledge Divergent knowledge Convergent knowledge Assimilative knowledge Transformation Via EXTENSION Transformation Via INTENSION

11. Original figure in Wenger 2004 Life Long Learning Learning engineering to become an engineer To live is to learn – Chinese saying

12. What is ’learning’? Yes, it’s actually true – you can get a degree by repeating everything the teacher says.

13. Learning Environment - traditional teachers and textbooks as main learning resources

14. Teaching = Learning ?

15. Active learning students learn (i.e. remember) (a survey report from Felder): –10% of what they read –26% of what they hear –30% of what they see –50% of what they see and hear –70% of what they say –90% of what they say and do passive active

16. Student-centred learning Self-directed learning: six focuses –Zimmerman & Lebeau 2000) Defining what should be learned Identifying ones’ own learning needs Developing learning objectives Identifying a learning plan to achieve those objects implementing the learning plan Self-evaluating the effectiveness of the learning

17. Multiple Learning resources in PBL, AAU Theme – a problem to solve at the beginning of each semester Lectures Supervision Other teachers Experts Experiments Literature Family Inter net Problem solving in Group-organized project work other groups Friends More other resources companies Project report and oral exam at the end of semester

18. General Learning Experiences ‘It is really motivating and exciting. It fits my way of learning. I learn better when I find out the way myself. This way of learning is much better than only attending lectures, because I have to know why I need learn this. When I know the objective clearly, I learn much better.’ - student

19. General Learning Experiences ‘Working in groups we get mental support from each other, it is also a responsibility so that we won’t drop out easily.’ – student group ‘We talked about many things from the beginning so that we knew what each other was good at, and what we could learn from each other and what we could like to learn through doing the project. We want to make it possible that we can learn from each other and everybody can learn what they want to learn.’ – student group

20. General Learning Experiences ‘We can learn the professional knowledge no matter by doing groups work or individually, however, the social skills in the group work will improve the learning process. It will be more fruitful and inspiring with better social activities.’ – student group ‘This make the boring life interesting, especially when the exam time approach and all we do everyday is to sit in the room around 15 hours a day, being stressed and exhausted.’ – student

21. Ideal Learning environment from the perspective of students – group work  Ideal group size: 3-4 people  Most important things that make group work function Positive attitude Constructive communication Cooperation Compromise New perspectives

22. Learning environment from the perspective of students -lectures Expectation to lecturers  Technical knowledge  The art of teaching (more important) to make the ‘killer courses’ interesting rather than to kill the interesting courses Engagement – pay attention to students Providing interesting, understandable informative presentation with clear overviews and well-organized structures (providing slides by emails) Providing clear learning goals Providing examples to link abstract theories and real life Personality – humorous, motivating, provocative

23. Learning environment from the perspective of students –supervision Functions of supervision  For beginners of each project / the study program: more direct inputs regarding how to the project work started and relevant technical knowledge For students in later part of the project / education: structural comments, emergency support

24. Learning environment from the perspective of students –supervision Expectation to supervisors  clear information about what can be expected  Technical knowledge  The art of teaching (more important)  Engagement, willingness to help  Accessibility  Mental support, especially in case of problems  Instruction of methods (how to learn) regarding how to solve the project and do the project rather than facts answers  Constructive communication – with clear knowledge about the expectation from both sides

25. Diversity Issues Different learning experiences among different groups: different study programs different semesters different backgrounds (gymnasium, hometown, family, etc.) different learning styles different genders different cultures

26. What are Learning Styles? Individuals’ different ways of taking in and processing information - Richard Felder

30. How do you do reading? Some people… sometimes…

31. Factors Influencing Learning Styles Before entering the University Native ability (IQ) Background (past experiences) At the University Learning environment e.g. match between learning style and teaching style

32. Purpose of Testing Learning Style To know about yourself - ‘in which way a student is smart’ rather than ‘whether this student is smart or not’ To help learners to develop learning strategies and improve their learning by balancing it. To work with our teaching style to match and maximize student learning

33. The learning styles test (1) 1.Circle "a" or "b" for every one of the 44 questions.

34. The learning styles test (2) 2.Fill out the scoring sheet with a ’1’ for each of your answers. 3.Add ’1’s in column ’a’ and column ’b’ in each of the 4 fields. 4.Calculate the numerical difference between a-score and b-score and add an ’a’ or a ’b’ depending upon which is the larger sum.

36. The learning styles test (3) 5.Transfer your 4 preferences to the preference sheet which you keep yourself. 6.Each group member transfers her/his 4 preferences to the group preference sheet, as well as to the group acetate. 7.The scoring sheet is handed in to the lecturer. Remember to write name, sex and nationality. The group acetate is also handed in to the lecturer.

38. Different learning styles 1 Active Learners Retain and understand information best by doing something active Like discussion or applying it or explaining it to others ‘let’s try it out and see how it works’ Like group work Reflective Learners Think about it quietly before talk Let’s think it through first Prefer working alone quietly Everybody is sometimes active and sometimes reflective. Your preference for one category or the other may be strong, moderate, or mild. It is hard for both learning types sitting through lectures without getting to do anything physical but taking notes, particularly hard for active learners.

39. Learning Strategies 1 Active learners Try to compensate discussion or problem- solving activities if they are lacking in classes Try to think about reflection on the activities and experiences Reflective learners Try to compensate time for thinking if there is not enough time in the daily project work Stop periodically to review what you have read and to think of possible questions or applications To participate in the group discussion and speak out the opinions What advantages and possible problems when active learners and reflective learners work in the same group?

40. Different learning styles 2 Sensing Learners Tend to like facts Like solving problems by well- established methods and dislike complications and surprises Be patient with details and good at memorizing facts and doing hands-on work More practical and careful don’t like courses that have no apparent connection to the real world Intuitive Learners Prefer discovering possibilities and relationships Like innovation and dislike repetition Be better at grasping new concepts and more comfortable with abstractions and mathematical formulations Work faster and more imaginative Don’t like courses that involve a lot of memorization and routine calculation Everybody is sometimes sensing and sometimes intuitive. Your preference for one category or the other may be strong, moderate, or mild.

41. Learning Strategies 2 What advantages and possible problems when sensors and intuitive learners work in the same group? Sensing learners Ask instructor for specific examples of concepts, connection to the real world and procedures and apply them in practice Find specifics by brainstorming with friends Try new perspectives and methods with intention Intuitive learners Ask instructor for interpretations or theories that link the facts Try to find the connections yourself Take time to read the entire question before you start answering and be sure to check our results carefully Try to explain and discuss the imagination and new ideas feedbacks

42. Different learning styles 3 Visual Learners Remember best what they see - ‘Show me’ Pictures Diagrams Sketches schematics Flow charts plots Verbal learners Getting more out of words - ‘Explain it to me’ Spoken words Written words Everybody is both visual and verbal. Preferring one does not mean that you don’t learn in the other way. Your preference for one category or the other may be strong, moderate, or mild.

43. Learning Strategies 3 Visual learners Find diagrams, sketches, photographs, flow charts, etc. Use concept maps by listing key points, enclosing them in boxes or circles, drawing lines with arrows for connections… Colour code notes with highlighter Verbal learners Write summaries or outlines Working in groups can be effective: to gain understanding of material by hearing classmates’ explanations You might learn more when you explain things to others What advantages and possible problems when visual learners and verbal learners work in the same group?

44. Different learning styles 4 Sequential Learners Gain understanding in linear steps Follow logical stepwise paths in finding solutions Feel comfortable explaining things Global Learners Learning in large jumps, absorbing materials almost randomly without seeing connections, and suddenly ‘get it’. Need big picture to function Solve complex problems quickly or put things together in novel ways once they have grasped the big picture Feel difficult to explain Which is your preference? Your preference for one category or the other may be strong, moderate, or mild.

45. Learning Strategies 4 Sequential learners If you happen to meet a global teacher, ask him/her to fill in the skipped steps, or fill them in yourself by consulting references, or outline the lecture material for yourself in logical order Strengthen your global thinking skills by relating each new topic to things you already know to understand deeper. Global learners To get an overview by skimming through the entire reading materials before the first section To relate the subject to something you already know to see the connections to find disciplines. What advantages and possible problems when sensors and intuitive learners work in the same group?

46. Possible Misunderstandings of Learning Styles Dividing people into a set category It is not like blood types – instead, it is just measuring height or weight along some point in life

47. Summary All types of learners are needed in every profession All learning styles are needed to be addressed and satisfied in teaching

48. Where to go? How to deal with it?

49. Find a Balance!

50. Group Discussion and Presentation in Plenum Project group Talk about your learning styles Discuss learning strategies in PBL environment - how to provide learning opportunities for every type of learner in group work – how to make best of each other and make the project work benefit from different ways of learning Make a presentation in plenum (about learning strategies) (representatives from each group)