1. Reflection and Learning
By Ramesh Mehay

2. Ultimately, the outcome of reflection is learning (Meziros, 1981).
It widens our perspective on a problem (broadens knowledge)
It helps us develop strategies for dealing with it (develop skills)
It helps us acquire new insights into our behaviour (changes attitudes)
K.S.A.

4. Reflection involves…

5. Attributes for reflection
The key qualities (attitudes) individuals need to do proper reflection are:
Open-minded’ness
Commitment to self-enquiry
Motivation and
Readiness to change practice
Richardson & Maltby (1995), Gillings (2000)
Attributes for reflection

6. Reflection on action

7. Reflection in action

8. ISCE criteria

9. ISCE criteria Information Provided Self-Awareness Critical Thinking
Describing what happened or what was observed in enough detail. Should be honest and unbiased. This should be sufficient to give the feeling that to an independent person that they were actually there. Care is needed to include information that is assumed to be known or self-evident.
Self-Awareness
Being open and honest about performance but also writing about own feelings and/or that of others
Critical Thinking
Breaking the bigger picture into smaller parts, analysing the bigger and smaller pictures, identifying and challenging assumptions, problem solving, describing own thought processes, developing alternatives
Evidence of learning = [SYNTHESIS + JUDGEMENT + EVALUATION]
Synthesis – integrating new with old information and taking into account feelings. Bringing up elements into a whole.
Judgement – considering the possibilities and weighing them up. Describing what needs to be learned, why and how.
Evaluation – looking back to see what difference it made.
ISCE criteria

10. Reflective Writing Template by Shiela Bonas (2004)
What happened?
What did I need to do?
How did I perform?
Well?
Areas of improvement?
What did I think/feel?
I think that…
I feel sad/happy..
Why did I think or feel this way?
New insights?
Related to past experience?
How did my thoughts/ feelings affect others?
Behaviours; beliefs; feelings.
What are consequences?
short term, long term, for me, for others
How can this help me in the future?
goals, improve skills, learn, stress levels etc
Reflective Writing Template by Shiela Bonas (2004)

11. Kolb’s Learning Cycle

12. Gibbs’ Reflective Cycle

13. Kirkpatrick’s Levels of Evaluation
Outcome measured by
+ve = acheived
-ve = failed to achieve
1 REACTION
How you felt after the activity?
Satisfaction with having undertaken the activity - are you happy you decided to do this?
No satisfaction with undertaking the activity.
2 LEARNING
Testing knowledge.
Different attitudes.
New skill found.
Did you learn something from this?
No new knowledge, skills or change in attitude.
3 BEHAVIOUR
Protocol development.
Practice specific guidelines..
Review of individual patient records.
Videos.
Are you using the skills or knowledge in your work? Has your attitude to a problem changed, do you look at it differently?
No new knowledge, skills or changes in attitude used to improve patient care.
4 RESULTS
Audit.
Significant events.
Changes in patient care.
Have patients benefited by your learning, has patient management improved?
No benefits seen for patients.
No change in patient management.
Impact and effect
Kirkpatrick