2. Human Heredity 11.3

3. Human Chromosomes Humans have 46 chromosomes Occurs in 23 pairs 22 pairs are autosomes 2 of the 46 are sex-determining chromosomes (X and Y) XX=Female, XY=Male karyotype Picture of chromosomes=karyotype Doctors use to determine sex of baby and genetic abnormalities

4. Karyotype Studies Karyotype—micrograph in which the pairs of homologous chromosomes are arranged in decreasing size. Images of chromosomes stained during metaphase

5. SAMPLE KARYOTYPE

6. Nondisjunction Cell division during which sister chromatids fail to separate properly Example: Down syndrome – person has an extra copy of chromosome 21

8. Pedigree Chart that shows relationships within families often used to trace lineage of a disease/disorder Circle=Female Square=Male Shaded=Affected __ marriage I children

9. Human Genes Autosomal Recessive Disorders-caused by 2 recessive alleles present (ex: PKU, Tay Sach’s, CF) Autosomal Dominant Disorders-only one allele present causes affliction (ex: dwarfism, Huntington’s Disease) Codominant Alleles-Sickle Cell

10. Recessive Disorders A.Cystic fibrosis: Homozygous recessives (cc) have cystic fibrosis - body cannot make needed chloride channel, high concentrations of extracellular chloride causes mucous to build up, infections, pneumonia. Diet, antibiotics and treatment can extend life to 25 years or more.Cystic fibrosis B.Tay-Sachs: Enzyme that breaks down brain lipids is non-functional in homozygous recessives (tt). Buildup of lipids causes death by age 2-3Tay-Sachs

11. Dominant Disorders *Achondroplasia (dwarfism): AA = Homozygous dominant is lethal - fatal (spontaneous abortion of fetus). Aa = dwarfism. aa = no dwarfism. 99.96% of all people in the world are homozygous recessive (aa)Achondroplasia

12. Dominant Disorders B. Polydactyly (extra fingers or toes): PP or Pp = extra digits, aa = 5 digits. 98% of all people in the world are homozygous recessive (pp)

13. Co Dominant Alleles ss= sickle cell anemia (misshapen Sickle Cell: many believe sickle cell anemia co evolved with malaria cells lead to death) SS= normal red cells, healthy Ss= not enough sickle cells to kill and resistant to malaria! (body destroys the sickle cells and the parasite)