1. Genetics Using Punnett Squares Genetics Using Punnett Squares

2. Early Genetics The study of geneticsThe study of genetics began with observations made by Gregor Mendel. began with observations made by Gregor Mendel. After noticing that the flowers his pea plants were either violet or white, Mendel began to study the segregation of heritable traits.After noticing that the flowers his pea plants were either violet or white, Mendel began to study the segregation of heritable traits. Between 1856 and 1863 he cultivated and tested at least 28,000 pea plants. Remember that Mendel worked almost 150 years ago when nobody knew about genes or even the structures (chromosomes) that carry genes.

3. Here are some traits observed by Mendel:

4. Lets consider a single gene… A gene carries information that determines your traits. Traits are characteristics you inherit from your parents.A gene carries information that determines your traits. Traits are characteristics you inherit from your parents. Genes are located in chromosomes.Genes are located in chromosomes. Chromosomes come in pairs and there are thousands, of genes in one chromosome.Chromosomes come in pairs and there are thousands, of genes in one chromosome.

5. Continued… In humans, a cell’s nucleus contains 46 individualIn humans, a cell’s nucleus contains 46 individual chromosomes or 23 pairs of chromosomes. Half of the chromosomesHalf of the chromosomes come from one parent and half come from the other parent. This is a human karyotype representing the 23 pairs of chromosomes in a male Here is the detailed structure of a chromosome

6. Definitions Allele- discrete version of the same geneAllele- discrete version of the same gene Genotype- the genes of an organism for one specific traitGenotype- the genes of an organism for one specific trait Phenotype- the physical appearance of a trait in an organismPhenotype- the physical appearance of a trait in an organism

7. Definitions Dominant trait refers to a genetic feature that “hides” the recessive trait in the phenotype of an individual.Dominant trait refers to a genetic feature that “hides” the recessive trait in the phenotype of an individual. The term "recessive” describes a trait that is covered over (or dominated) by another form of that trait and seems to disappear.The term "recessive” describes a trait that is covered over (or dominated) by another form of that trait and seems to disappear. Homozygous= two alleles that are the same for a trait (Pure)Homozygous= two alleles that are the same for a trait (Pure) Heterozygous= two different alleles for a trait (Hybrid)Heterozygous= two different alleles for a trait (Hybrid)

8. Practice We use two letters to represent the genotype. A capital letter represents the dominant form of a gene (allele) and a lowercase letter is the abbreviation for the recessive form of the gene (allele).We use two letters to represent the genotype. A capital letter represents the dominant form of a gene (allele) and a lowercase letter is the abbreviation for the recessive form of the gene (allele). Example below: P=dominant purple and p= recessive whiteExample below: P=dominant purple and p= recessive white The phenotype for this flower is violet while its genotype (if homozygous) is PP. The phenotype for this flower is white while its genotype is pp (to be white the flower must have two of the recessive copies of the allele).

9. Punnett Squares The Punnett square is the standard way of working out what the possible offspring of two parents will be. The Punnett square is the standard way of working out what the possible offspring of two parents will be. –It is a helpful tool to show allelic combinations and predict offspring ratios.

10. Before we go further lets review how to set up a Punnett Square… We begin by constructing a grid of two perpendicular lines.

11. Next, put the genotype of one parent across the top and the other along the left side. For this example lets consider a genotype of BB crossed with bb. B B bbbb Notice only one letter goes above each box It does not matter which parent’s genotype goes on either side.

12. Next, fill in the boxes by copying the column and row head-letters down and across into the empty spaces. the empty spaces. B B b B B B B b b b b b

13. Punnett Squares Now that we have learned the basics of genetics lets walk through some examples using Punnett Squares. Now that we have learned the basics of genetics lets walk through some examples using Punnett Squares.

14. Lets say: W- dominant white w- recessive violet W w W Parents in this cross are heterozygous (Ww). Note: Make sure I can tell your capital letters from lowercase letters. What percentage of the offspring will have violet flowers? ANSWER: 25% (homozygous recessive) Usually write the capital letter first w W W w w

15. Red hair (R) is dominant over blond hair (r). Make a cross between a heterozygous red head and a blond. Rrrr Rrrr R r rrrr What percentage of the offspring will have red hair? 50%

16. Let’s try some more… In pea plants, tall pea plants (T) are dominant over short pea plants (t). Construct a Punnett Square for a heterozygous tall pea plant and a short pea plant. Tt tt Tt tt T t tttt What are the percentage of phenotypes? 50% tall 50% short

17. Black eyes (R) is dominant over red eyes (r) in rats. Make a cross between a homozygous rat with black eyes and a rat with red eyes. Rr R rrrr What is the possibility of a red eye off springs? 0% 

18. Dihybrid Cross The following example illustrates a dihybrid cross between two heterozygous pea plants.dihybrid cross R represents the dominant allele for shape (round), while r represents the recessive allele (wrinkled). A represents the dominant allele for color (yellow), while a represents the recessive allele (green). If each plant has the genotype RrAa, and since the alleles for shape and color genes are independent, then they can produce four types of gametes with all possible combinations: RA, Ra, rA, and ra.

19. RARarAra RARRAARRAaRrAARrAa RaRRAaRRaaRrAaRraa rARrAARrAarrAArrAa raRrAaRraarrAarraa DiHybrid Cross

20. On Your Own Create a Trihybrid cross for and insect or a plant. ( It can be ficticious) Create a Trihybrid cross for and insect or a plant. ( It can be ficticious) Have a drawing of your organism. Have a drawing of your organism. Name and tag your Traits Name and tag your Traits Include a name with two Punnett squares. Include a name with two Punnett squares. –Homogeneous dominant: Homogeneous Reccessive –Hetrogeneous:Heterogeneous List percentages of each genotype. List percentages of each genotype. Explain/list Phenotypes and Genotypes Explain/list Phenotypes and Genotypes

21. Trihybrid

22. References http://www.athro.com/evo/gen/punnett.html http://www.athro.com/evo/gen/punnett.html http://www.athro.com/evo/gen/punnett.html http://www.kidshealth.org/kid/talk/qa/what_is_gene.html http://www.kidshealth.org/kid/talk/qa/what_is_gene.html http://www.kidshealth.org/kid/talk/qa/what_is_gene.html http://brookings.k12.sd.us/biology/ch%2011%20genetics/punnettpr actice.ppt#1 http://brookings.k12.sd.us/biology/ch%2011%20genetics/punnettpr actice.ppt#1 http://www.usoe.k12.ut.us/CURR/Science/sciber00/7th/genetics/sci ber/punnett.htm http://www.usoe.k12.ut.us/CURR/Science/sciber00/7th/genetics/sci ber/punnett.htm http://www.usoe.k12.ut.us/CURR/Science/sciber00/7th/genetics/sci ber/punnett.htm http://www.usoe.k12.ut.us/CURR/Science/sciber00/7th/genetics/sci ber/punnett.htm http://www.biotechnologyonline.gov.au/images/contentpages/karyo type.jpg http://www.biotechnologyonline.gov.au/images/contentpages/karyo type.jpg