2. Can you smell a Revolution

3. We must, indeed, all hang together or, most assuredly, we shall all hang separately. Benjamin Franklin

4. The Price of War FIW is expensive Struggle to convince colonists to shoulder the cost. At the time, most colonialists are reluctant revolutionaries, want to secure rights as Englishmen

5. Roots of Revolution Old world- people rarely move Stagnant lifestyle encourages people to conform to social norms.

6. Roots of Revolution 1. Republicanism- from Greek and Romans Citizens willingly subordinated their private, selfish interest to the common good. Social stability and government authority relies on citizenship Fundamentally opposed to aristocracy and monarchy

7. Roots of Revolution 2. Comes from British Radical Whigs Fear of monarch (and representatives) posing threats to liberty Be on guard against corruption

8. Roots of Revolution Geography matters! No dukes or princes in colonies But colonies have property ownership and self government. Distance = barrier to enforce control

9. Mercantilism and the Colonies Georgia- only colony formally planted by Brit. Government. Others- trading companies, religious groups, land speculators.

10. Mercantilism Wealth = power Wealth is measure by amount of gold and silver in treasury To amass gold, countries need to export more than they export Colonies- supply raw materials to mother country ( reducing need for foreign imports) and provide guaranteed market for exports.

11. Mercantilism and the Colonies Brits view of the colonies Seen as tenants Furnish goods to England Buy imported manufactured goods only made in England. Don’t become self sufficient, don’t even think about self government.

12. Mercantilism and the Colonies How to regulate Mercantilism system? Navigation Law of 1650 All goods must be in British ships Any goods to America, must first be brought to Britain Certain “enumerated” products (tobacco) must exclusively go to Britain, despite getting better offers from other

13. Mercantilism and the Colonies Causes money shortage in colonies Colonists forced to use butter nails, pitch, for exchange Colonists issue paper money, which kills value of British Currency British outlaw colonists from creating currency

14. Mercantilism, the Good Prior to 1763 Navigation laws aren’t enforced (salutary neglect) colonial smuggling rises Colonial ship makers chosen over local companies Tobacco monopoly Protection by world’s greatest navy

15. Mercantilism, the Bad Kills economic initiative and makes colonists dependent on Brit. Creditors and agents Colonists feel as being kept in perpetual state of economic adolescence. We have an old mother that peevish is grown She snubs us like children that scare walk alone. She forgets we’re grown up and have a sense of our own. BF

16. Trampling our Rights British debt after FIW- 140 million pounds Prime Minister- George Grenville –Start enforcing Nav. Acts –Sugar Act- 1764- eventually lowered –Quartering Act- 1765- colonists must give food and shelter to troops

17. Trampling our Rights 1765- Stamp Act- first direct tax imposed on the people. –The British had far larger stamp tax on people for 20 years.

18. Trampling our Rights Sugar and Stamp acts set up Admiralty courts No juries Guilty until proven innocent Judges salaries determined by fines imposed Location: Nova Scotia

19. Trampling our Rights Radical Whig influence apparent “No taxation without representation” Ironic- Coastal colonists have denied back country colonists representation Do the colonists want representation in Parliament?

20. View of the colonists Difference between legislation and taxation Parliament can legislate matters that affected the whole empire (regulation of trade) Parliament cannot tax colonists cause no representative. Only colonial legislatures have the right to tax the colonists

21. View of Grenville Virtual Representation- every member of parliament represents its subjects, even those in Americans that haven’t voted. Parliament cannot be divided like the colonists wished. This forces the colonists to deny authority of parliament, and start to consider their own political independence

22. Stamp Act Congress 1765 27 delegates of nine colonies Send statements of rights and grievances to King and Parliament Very little effect But seeds of colonial unity are forming

23. Nonimportation Agreements Stop importing British goods Woolen garments are encouraged, stop eating lamb chops More colonial unity Now those who didn’t take a side, are joining consumer boycotts Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty “Liberty, Property, No Stamps” Sometimes violent Non Imp works- British merchants and manufactures hit hard, convince parliament to repeal stamp act.

25. Declaratory Act 1766- stamp act repealed, Declaratory act passed England has absolute and unqualified sovereignty over its North American colonies.

26. 1767 Townshend Acts Charles Townshend Light import duties on glass, white lead, paper, paint, tea. Indirect customs duty payable at American ports. Money generated- goes to royal governors and judges. Why is this problematic? 1767- NY legislature shut down for failure to comply with Quartering act. Non importation agreements restart- but less effective mainly because tax is light and indirect. Smuggling in Massachusetts really takes off as colonists enjoy cheaper prices.

27. Boston Massacre To cut down on smuggling and restore order British send two regiment to Boston. March 5, 1770 Citizens throwing rocks and snowballs British- shots fired 11 dead or wounded Both sides are at fault John Adams, one of leaders of Son’s of liberty, defends soldiers

28. King George III Wants to restore royal power Gives jobs to “yes men” Prime Minister= Lord North Townshend acts- don’t raise money, plus nonimporation agreements force England to repeal all aspects of Act but tax on tea Kept tea tax to show parliament still has the right to tax colonies

29. Samuel Adams Poor, not impressive physical stature, but loved politics, especially infractions on colonial rights. Helps form Committees of Correspondence

30. Committees of Correspondence Purpose- keep opposition to British alive through letters and conferences Soon became intercolonial committees Soon each colony has a CofC

31. Tea Time 1773- nonimporation weakening, colonists are buying tea. England bails out British India Tea Co.- gives them monopoly to colonies. Tea is even cheaper, colonists feel like Brits are tricking them to accept the detested tax.

32. Tea Time NYC, Philly- mass protests force ships back Annapolis- burnt ship and cargo, banner – “Liberty and Independence or death in the pursuit of it” Charleston, confiscates tea- later sells tea to raise money for revolution Boston –Mass Gov= Thomas Hutchinson –Orders ships to stay until cargo is unloaded –Enemies publish private letter which Hutchinson said violating some English Rights are necessary to preserve colonies.

33. Tea Time Dec 16 1773 Boston Tea Party Dumped tea dressed as Indians Colonists have mixed reactions –Half applaud it, called tea a “badge of slavery” –Conservatives- broke laws, can lead to anarchy and break down in society Hutchinson- retreats to England

34. England Strikes back Intolerable acts Meant to punish Boston Closes Boston port, until damages are paid No more town meetings Brits who kill colonists, now face trial in London Even stronger quartering act- now soldiers can be placed in private homes.

35. England Strikes Back 1774 Quebec Acts Not apart of Intolerable acts French can retain cultural aspects of life (Catholics) Old Quebec boundaries extended to Ohio River Valley

36. The Quebec Act Intolerable mainly hurt Boston, QA hits larger audience French Canada- no trial by jury or representative government Land speculators- good lands are gone Anti Catholics- angry that Roman Catholics are nearing on lands destined for Protestantism.

37. Response to IA Colonists rally to Boston’s aid Flags at half mass, ships bring in food

38. Response to IA 1774- 1 st continental congress Georgia, not there 55 delegates Not a legislative body, but consultative body Send declaration of Rights to King The Association- takes nonimportation agreements step further, complete boycott of all British goods. Not asking for independence

39. Shot heard around the world British want to round up and control all ammunition posts. Lexington and Concord 1775 Colonists massacred at Lexington, but forced British retreat in Concord

40. American Revolution Fight Card England Pros 7.5 million Wealthiest nation Most powerful navy Professionally trained army 30,000 Hessian Mercenaries 50,000 American Loyalists Native American assistance Cons Ireland is in turmoil, British troops must go there Government- inept, no strong leadership Logistical issues Distance Geography- America is vast, no true urban centers, thus British have to attack and make every city submit

41. American Revolution Fight Card Colonies Pros Great leadership –General= Washington –Diplomat= BF Many Europeans reset England and join cause –Marquis De LaFayette Defensive War- do not have to win Moral Advantage- everybody beliefs in the cause Agriculture - Colonies are self sustaining Cons No national government –Disorganized, not truly united States are sovereign and don’t take congress serious Sectional Differences over General selections Colonial Currency= “not worth a Continental”, States eventually make their own money as well

42. Where are the Guns? Towns have some weapons- but widespread militias create shortages Desperate need for guns and Ammo (France)

43. Colonial Soldiers No established uniform Most are lucky to have clothing No shoes Rhode Island Unit- “Ragged, Lousy, Naked Regiment” Food Valley Forge- 3 straight days with no food

44. Colonial Soldiers Very unreliable 7 to 8 thousand regulars at the end of war –German Baron Von Stuebon African Americans eventually fight in the war, most are Freed Blacks of the North

45. British and African Americans Vir. Governor Lord Dunmore- offers freedom to slaves to who join British “Lord Dunmore’s Ethiopian Unit” British stayed somewhat true to their word, Black Loyalists sent to Nova Scotia, Jamaica

46. American at the Eve of War Profiteers get rich- sell anything and everything to the British because the British actually have money (gold and silver) Small minority only truly dedicated to the cause of Independence