1. Warm Up
You are an astrobiologist -biologist who search for alien life. How will you identify an alien LIFE form in Mars? Write in complete sentences.
(Hint: Characteristics of Life…)
Draw an Alien Just for Fun…!!

2. You Can’t Have One Without The Other
Human Body Systems
You Can’t Have One Without The Other

3. Body Systems Work Together
If you damage one system, you may damage several like smoking which irritates the lungs and also destroys the cells of the immune system
Ardi Rizal
2 years old
Musi Banyuasin, Indonesia
May 2010

4. If you get excited, the nervous system works with the circulatory system by increasing your heart rate.

5. AIDS destroys the Immune System
As a result you may get:
pneumonia (respiratory ),
yeast infection (reproductive ),
Candida affecting esophagus (digestive)
Kaposi’s sarcoma (integumentary).

6. The Human Body Team
How does the body get the systems to work together?
To answer this question, we need to recall the organizational structure of multicellular organisms.

7. Levels Of Organization
CELLS
ATOMS
TISSUES
ORGAN SYSTEM
ORGANS
ORGANISM

8. The Human Body has 4 Main Types of Tissues

9. ORGAN
A group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions.

10. Organ System . A group of organs that work together
to perform a single function .

11. There are 11 organ systems in the human body
1. Integumentary System
2. Skeletal System
3. Muscular System
4. Nervous System
5. Endocrine System
6. Cardiovascular System
7. Lymphatic & Immune System
8. Respiratory System
9. Digestive System
10. Urinary System
11. Reproductive System

12. Skeletal System Your skeleton has five major functions.
It provides shape and
support
Enables you to move
Protects your internal organs
Produces blood cells
Stores certain materials until your body needs them

13. Major Organs of the Skeletal System
Bones
Tendons connect bones to muscles.
Ligaments connect bone to bone.
Cartilage cushions places where bones connect and offers flexibility.

14. Muscular System
Your muscles control all movements of the body tissues, organs and bones.

15. Major Tissues of the Muscular System
Your body has
three types of
Muscle tissue.
skeletal muscle
smooth muscle
cardiac muscle

16. Circulatory System aka Cardiovascular System
The main functions is to transport
Oxygen
Nutrients
Waste
throughout the body

17. The main parts of the Circulatory System are:
Heart
Blood Vessels
Blood

18. Hint: makes your blood
SKELETAL!

19. Respiratory System
Your respiratory system moves oxygen from the outside environment into your body. It also removes carbon dioxide and water from your body.

20. Respiratory system are:
The Main Parts of the
Respiratory system are:
Nose
Mouth
Trachea
Lungs
Diaphragm

21. The Digestive System The main functions of the digestive system
Breaks down food into molecules the body can absorb.
Passes these molecules into the blood to be carried throughout the body.
Eliminates solid wastes from the body.

22. The Main Parts of the Digestive System are:

23. Hint: movement
MUSCULAR!

24. The Excretory System
Your excretory system collects wastes produced by cells and removes these wastes from your body. The removal process is known as excretion.
Each kidney is about 4 ½ inches long
Weight is 4 – 6 ounces
The urine output varies from 1 to 2 liters per day.

25. The Main Parts of the Excretory System

26. Hint: gas exchange
RESPIRATORY!

27. Integumentary System (it’s your skin)
Your Skin has many important functions:
Covers body and prevents water loss.
Protects body from injury and infection.
Helps regulate body temperature.
Eliminate wastes
Gathers information about the environment
Produce vitamin D

28. Major Parts of the Integumentary System
Skin
Hair
Nails

29. Hint: nutrient absorption
DIGESTIVE!

30. Immune System It’s role is to protect you from foreign invaders.
Special cells react to each kind of pathogen with defensive tactics targeted
specifically at that type of
pathogen.
A pathogen is a
bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease.

31. Lymphatic System
The lymphatic system is an extensive drainage network that helps keep bodily fluid levels in balance and defends the body against infections.
It filters out organisms that cause disease, produces certain white blood cells and generates antibodies

32. Major Parts of the Lymphatic System
It is made up of a network of lymphatic vessels that carry lymph — a clear, watery fluid that contains protein molecules, salts, glucose, urea, and other substances — throughout the body.
It works closely with the immune system and the circulatory system.
The Spleen stores many of the white blood cells needed for the immune response.

33. Endocrine System
1. The endocrine system is a collection of ductless glands that secrete special proteins called hormones.
2. The glands release the hormones into the bloodstream and they travel to the target cells or organs.
3. The main function of the endocrine system is to maintain a stable environment within the body or homeostasis.
4. The hormones also help the body to regulate:
Growth
Sexual development
Metabolism
Sugar, salt and fluid levels in the blood

34. Specialized Immune System Cells
White blood cells that target specific
pathogens are called lymphocytes.
T-cells and B-cells are two major types of
lymphocytes. Each type has a specific job.
B- Cells
T- Cells

35. What are Antibodies?
Antibodies are special proteins that recognize and defeat invading pathogens.
Antibodies are made by the B-cells.
Once a pathogen is encountered by the B-cells it memorizes it and next time it encounters the pathogen it will have antibodies ready to fight the pathogen.

36. What are Antigens?
An antigen is any substance that when introduced into the body stimulates the production of an antibody immune response.
Antigens include:
Toxins
Bacteria
Foreign blood cells
Cells of transplanted organs.

37. What is Immunity?
Immunity is a state in which the body has sufficient defenses to fight infection, disease or invasion by pathogens.
Non- Specific Immunity refers to the defenses that are in place at all times and are not specific to the pathogen to which the system is responding.
Skin, mucous membranes, hairs in nose and ears, enzymes in mouth and tears in eyes.

38. Specific Immunity is a specific antibody response to the pathogen and has been acquired in one of several ways.
Antibodies were transferred from mother to fetus across the placenta.
Antibodies were transferred through breast milk from mother to child.
Antibodies were built up due to prior exposure to the pathogen.
Antibodies were be built up through a vaccination process.

39. What is a Vaccination?
Most vaccines contain a little bit of a disease germ that is weak or dead. Vaccines do NOT contain the type of germ that makes you sick.
Having this little bit of the germ inside your body makes your body's immune system build antibodies to it.
Vaccines can be administered by a needle, mouth and some thorough a nasal spray.
In the US children are vaccinated before they can enter school for: Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Pertussis, Hepatitis B, Diphtheria, and Tetanus

40. Regents Practice Question
A pathogen passing from a mother to her fetus could cause
(1) a decrease in the chromosome number of the fetus
(2) an increase in milk production in the mother
(3) gamete production to increase
(4) an infection in the fetus

41. Regents Practice Question
A pathogen passing from a mother to her fetus could cause
(1) a decrease in the chromosome number of the fetus
(2) an increase in milk production in the mother
(3) gamete production to increase
(4) an infection in the fetus

42. Regents Practice Question
It is recommended that people at risk for serious flu complications be vaccinated so that their bodies will produce
(1) antigens to fight the flu virus
(2) antibodies against the flu virus
(3) toxins to fight the infection caused by the flu virus
(4) antibiotics to reduce symptoms caused by the flu virus

43. Regents Practice Question
It is recommended that people at risk for serious flu complications be vaccinated so that their bodies will produce
(1) antigens to fight the flu virus
(2) antibodies against the flu virus
(3) toxins to fight the infection caused by the flu virus
(4) antibiotics to reduce symptoms caused by the flu virus

45. Glands and Hormones Gland Hormone Produced Effects Hypothalamus
Antidiuretic hormone
Acts on the kidney to regulate fluid balance
Pituitary
9 different hormones
Growth and regulates other glands
Thyroid
Thyroxine
Metabolism
Pancreas
Insulin & glucagon
Blood sugar
Adrenal
Epinephrine
Heart rate & blood pressure
Testes
Testosterone
Sperm & male characteristics
Ovaries
Estrogen & progesterone
Eggs & female characteristics

46. Regents Practice Question
The diagram below shows how a chemical message produced by one cell is
received by other cells. If these chemical messages are destroyed, the target
cells will
(1) produce their own chemical messages
(2) not respond with appropriate actions
(3) develop different receptors
(4) no longer be produced in the organism

47. Regents Practice Question
The diagram below shows how a chemical message produced by one cell is
received by other cells. If these chemical messages are destroyed, the target
cells will
(1) produce their own chemical messages
(2) not respond with appropriate actions
(3) develop different receptors
(4) no longer be produced in the organism

48. Feedback Mechanisms
Homeostasis is maintained by the endocrine system through the use of various feedback mechanisms.
A feedback mechanism is in use when the biological reaction is actually being controlled by the end products of that reaction.
Negative feedback loop are most common.
original stimulus reversed
most feedback systems in the body are negative
used for conditions that need frequent adjustment

49. Parts of a Negative Feedback Loop
Receptor
Structures that monitor a
controlled condition and detect changes
Control center
determines next action
Effector
receives directions from the
control center produces a
response that restores the
controlled condition

50. Home Heating System Furnace Turns On Furnace Turns Off
Thermostat detects a temperature lower than the desired value.
Furnace Turns On
Furnace Turns Off
Thermostat detects a temperature higher than the desired value.

51. Body Temperature Impulses Impulses sent to muscles to stop shivering
Brain senses a drop in body temperature
Impulses
sent to muscles to begin shivering
Impulses sent to muscles to stop shivering
Brain detects increase in body temperature

52. Regents Practice Question
Activities in the human body are represented in the diagram
Which title would be appropriate for the diagram?
Rate of Excretion Varies in Response to Intake of Water
(2) Feedback Mechanisms Help to Maintain Homeostasis
(3) Respiratory Rate Responds to an Increase in Muscle Activity
(4) The Nervous System Responds to Changes in Blood Sugar Levels

53. Regents Practice Question
Activities in the human body are represented in the diagram
Which title would be appropriate for the diagram?
Rate of Excretion Varies in Response to Intake of Water
(2) Feedback Mechanisms Help to Maintain Homeostasis
(3) Respiratory Rate Responds to an Increase in Muscle Activity
(4) The Nervous System Responds to Changes in Blood Sugar Levels

54. Glucose Feedback Loop What happens to a
person’s blood glucose level after eating?
2.What 2 hormones does the pancreas secrete?
3.Which hormone lowers glucose levels?
4. Which hormone raises glucose levels?

59. Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a disease in which bones become fragile and more likely to break. If not prevented or if left untreated, osteoporosis can progress painlessly until a bone breaks.