1. Chapter One Science Skills

2. Daily Assignment What is Science? Where does it come from?

3. What is Science Science begins with curiosity and ends with discovery. Science can also happen by accident. Science versus Technology –Science aims to understand the world –Technology aims to change the world Science begins with curiosity and ends with discovery. Science can also happen by accident. Science versus Technology –Science aims to understand the world –Technology aims to change the world

4. Branches of Natural Science Physical Science –Chemistry and Physics Earth and Space Science –Geology and Astronomy Life Science –Biology Physical Science –Chemistry and Physics Earth and Space Science –Geology and Astronomy Life Science –Biology

5. Physical Science Space and Time Matter and Change Forces and Motion Energy Space and Time Matter and Change Forces and Motion Energy

6. The Scientific Method The Scientific Method is the process by which scientists approach the solving of a problem. Sometimes scientists make discoveries by accident, but many are solved in this manner. The Scientific Method is the process by which scientists approach the solving of a problem. Sometimes scientists make discoveries by accident, but many are solved in this manner.

7. Identify the Problem Present the problem in a question form. Examples: Which paper towel is the most absorbent? Which cell phone gives the most bars in our area? Present the problem in a question form. Examples: Which paper towel is the most absorbent? Which cell phone gives the most bars in our area?

8. Gather information Use observations to gain perspective and data about your problem.

9. Hypothesis Make a testable solution to the problem. Base your hypothesis on the information you’ve collected Make a testable solution to the problem. Base your hypothesis on the information you’ve collected

10. Design an Experiment Plan an experiment to test the hypothesis. This should be performed under controlled conditions. Plan an experiment to test the hypothesis. This should be performed under controlled conditions.

11. Perform the Experiment Follow your plan as written. Collect data and note any problems with your procedure.

12. Analyze the data Use the information collected to support or refute your hypothesis Make a choice Use the information collected to support or refute your hypothesis Make a choice Hypothesis not supported by data Data supports my hypothesis

13. Conclusion Communicate your results. Make charts and/or graphs to summarize your results. If your hypothesis is wrong, come up with a new one! Communicate your results. Make charts and/or graphs to summarize your results. If your hypothesis is wrong, come up with a new one!

14. The Variables Independent Variable: is the item which you will change in the experiment. Dependent Variable: is the item that will change depending on what independent variable is used. Control: the experiment run changing only one variable at a time. Independent Variable: is the item which you will change in the experiment. Dependent Variable: is the item that will change depending on what independent variable is used. Control: the experiment run changing only one variable at a time.

15. Example Experiment Suppose my electricity bill was higher than normal recently (Problem). I would notice that my bills have been getting higher recently (Gathering Data) I believe that this is caused by my old refrigerator (Hypothesis) Suppose my electricity bill was higher than normal recently (Problem). I would notice that my bills have been getting higher recently (Gathering Data) I believe that this is caused by my old refrigerator (Hypothesis)

16. Example Experiment I plan to test all of my appliances using an Ohm meter to see which draws the most electricity (Designing the Experiment) I test all of my appliances to see which draws the most current (Perform the Experiment) I then analyze the data and notice that my refrigerator does draw the most power, but it has not been running more than usual. (Conclusion?) I plan to test all of my appliances using an Ohm meter to see which draws the most electricity (Designing the Experiment) I test all of my appliances to see which draws the most current (Perform the Experiment) I then analyze the data and notice that my refrigerator does draw the most power, but it has not been running more than usual. (Conclusion?)

17. Example Experiment My hypothesis was wrong, so I need to get a new one! Perhaps something has been used more frequently recently? It turns out that my ceramic heater was the culprit because it has been working overtime to keep up with the very low temperatures!! My hypothesis was wrong, so I need to get a new one! Perhaps something has been used more frequently recently? It turns out that my ceramic heater was the culprit because it has been working overtime to keep up with the very low temperatures!!

18. Can you put the Scientific Method to the test ? Over this weekend, you are to perform an experiment Come up with a question that you want answered Go through the scientific method step by step and try to get an answer.

19. Can you put the Scientific Method to the test ? Come in on Monday either with an answer or a new hypothesis. Make sure you have all the steps represented of what you did. This does not have to be a lengthy report, just an explanation. Come in on Monday either with an answer or a new hypothesis. Make sure you have all the steps represented of what you did. This does not have to be a lengthy report, just an explanation.

20. Theories vs. Laws What’s the difference? –A Scientific Law describes a pattern in nature without explaining it. A theory is the accepted explanation of that pattern. –Examples: What’s the difference? –A Scientific Law describes a pattern in nature without explaining it. A theory is the accepted explanation of that pattern. –Examples:

21. Lab Procedures Any time we are in a lab setting, the following rules must apply –Do not touch, take, taste, handle, caress, or drink anything without my permission –We may have dangerous chemicals, sharp objects, or other lethal / poisonous materials in the classroom –Make sure your work area is clean before and after the lab Any time we are in a lab setting, the following rules must apply –Do not touch, take, taste, handle, caress, or drink anything without my permission –We may have dangerous chemicals, sharp objects, or other lethal / poisonous materials in the classroom –Make sure your work area is clean before and after the lab

22. Lab Procedures –Labs will be most likely accompanied by a lab report, so make sure you are paying close attention to what you are doing. –Always follow my directions exactly. –There is to be no horse play during labs. –All materials and tools are to be returned to me at the end of the lab in their original condition. –Labs will be most likely accompanied by a lab report, so make sure you are paying close attention to what you are doing. –Always follow my directions exactly. –There is to be no horse play during labs. –All materials and tools are to be returned to me at the end of the lab in their original condition.

23. Scientific Notation A short-hand way of writing large numbers without writing all of the zeros. The number is written as a base X power of 10. 2.3 x 10 5 A short-hand way of writing large numbers without writing all of the zeros. The number is written as a base X power of 10. 2.3 x 10 5

24. The Distance From the Sun to the Earth 93,000,000 miles

25. Step 1 Move decimal left Leave only one number to the left of decimal

26. Step 2 Write number without zeros

27. Step 3 Count how many places you moved decimal Make that your power of ten

28. Practice Problem 1)98,500,000 = 2)64,100,000,000 = 3)279,000,000 = 4)4,200,000 = 1)98,500,000 = 2)64,100,000,000 = 3)279,000,000 = 4)4,200,000 = 9.85 x 10 7 6.41 x 10 10 2.79 x 10 8 4.2 x 10 6 Write in scientific notation. Decide the power of ten.

29. What about really small numbers? Picture of a dust mite on the top of a pinhead The size of dust mite is 0.00000000024 meters

30. For numbers less than zero Move the decimal right, so there is one numeral to the left of the decimal. 0.00000000024 = 2.4 Count the number of spaces you moved the decimal. This becomes the exponent. The exponent is negative. 2.4 X 10 -10 Move the decimal right, so there is one numeral to the left of the decimal. 0.00000000024 = 2.4 Count the number of spaces you moved the decimal. This becomes the exponent. The exponent is negative. 2.4 X 10 -10

31. More Practice Problems 1)734,000,000 = _____________ 2)870,000,000,000 = __________ 3)90,000,000,000 = ___________ 4)0.0000000034500 = _________ 5) 0.0000122 = ______________ 6)0.00454000 = _____________ On these, decide where the decimal will be moved.

32. Scientific Notation to Standard Form When the exponent is positive, move the decimal to the right 3.4 x 10 5 in scientific notation 3.40000 --- move the decimal 340,000 in standard form When the exponent is positive, move the decimal to the right 3.4 x 10 5 in scientific notation 3.40000 --- move the decimal 340,000 in standard form

33. Write in Standard Form 6.27 x 10 6 9.01 x 10 4 6.27 x 10 6 9.01 x 10 4 6,270,000 90,100

34. Scientific Notation to Standard Form 4.33 x 10 -6 in scientific notation 0.00000433 --- move the decimal left 4.33 x 10 -6 in scientific notation 0.00000433 --- move the decimal left When the exponent is negative, move the decimal to the left. Add zero’s as spacers.

35. Write in Standard Form 7.11 x 10 -4 5.001 x 10 -8 2.34 x 10 -20 0.000711 0.00000005001 0.00000000000 00000000234

36. Introduction to the Metric System Click here

37. Daily Assignment Multiply (no calculators) the following: 3 X 5 = a x 2 = 2 4 3 4ac Multiply (no calculators) the following: 3 X 5 = a x 2 = 2 4 3 4ac

38. Systems of Measurement

39. A History of Measurement In all traditional measuring systems, short distance units were based on the dimensions of the human body.

40. A History of Measurement Historical = current = measurement Uncia = Inch = width of the thumb Cubit = Foot = length of a foot (length of forearm) Span =Yard = length of arm from nose to finger

41. Standard Of Measurement An exact quantity that people agree to use for comparison. Two criteria a standard must meet: Accessible to all Never changing

42. The English System Uses historical units based on an agreed upon standard. 1 foot = 12 inches 1 yard = 3 feet The English system is used primarily in the USA only.

43. Metric Map USA, Burma, Liberia

44. Length Is defined as the distance between two points Length is measured using a Ruler English units of length are inch, foot, yard, and mile. Is defined as the distance between two points Length is measured using a Ruler English units of length are inch, foot, yard, and mile.

45. Mass Is defined as the amount of matter in an object. Is measured using a Balance English units are ounces, pounds, tons

46. Volume Is the amount of space an object takes up Liquid volume Volume - solid

47. Volume (continued) Liquid English units are ounce, pint, quart, gallon Solid English units are pint, quart bushel, peck,

48. Time Is defined as the interval between two events Is measured using a stopwatch or a clock

49. Temperature Is defined as the amount of energy contained in an object Is measured using a Thermometer

50. Daily Assignment Estimate your age as a decimal Ex : Birthday June 1 st = 15.5 years Birthday Feb. 5th = 15.1 years Now, convert your age in years to your age in seconds. Estimate your age as a decimal Ex : Birthday June 1 st = 15.5 years Birthday Feb. 5th = 15.1 years Now, convert your age in years to your age in seconds.

51. English System Conversions To convert from one unit to another in the English system, you must know the equivalent unit’s value 5 miles = _______ feet To convert from one unit to another in the English system, you must know the equivalent unit’s value 5 miles = _______ feet.

52. Daily Assignment Your mom sends you to Price Chopper for the first time alone. Wanting to impress her, you try to shop only for the best price. Orange juice is on sale for $2/quart or $4/gallon. Which is the better price? Your mom sends you to Price Chopper for the first time alone. Wanting to impress her, you try to shop only for the best price. Orange juice is on sale for $2/quart or $4/gallon. Which is the better price?

53. Metric System VS. English Metric is much more user friendly than the English System. Metrics uses the same set of prefixes to relate the base units of mass, length, volume, time and temperature. Metric is much more user friendly than the English System. Metrics uses the same set of prefixes to relate the base units of mass, length, volume, time and temperature.

54. Metric Base Units Length = meter (m) Mass = gram (g) Volume = liter (l) Time = second (s) Temperature = Kelvin (K) Length = meter (m) Mass = gram (g) Volume = liter (l) Time = second (s) Temperature = Kelvin (K)

55. The Metric System The metric system is based on the number 10. Each multiple of ten is assigned a prefix. This prefix is combined with a base unit to give the resulting unit a value. The metric system is based on the number 10. Each multiple of ten is assigned a prefix. This prefix is combined with a base unit to give the resulting unit a value.

56. The Metric Prefixes Prefix = Meaning = Abbreviation kilo = 1000 x larger = k hecta = 100 x larger = h deca = 10 x larger = da Base Unit deci = 10 x smaller = d centi = 100 x smaller = c milli = 1000 x smaller = m

57. Metric Prefixes Base unit m l g s

58. The Metric Staircase kilo hecta deca Base deci centi milli Up staircase(. ) goes left. Down staircase(. ) goes right.

59. Metric Meanings A km is a ______. A dal is a ____ A cg is a ______ A mm is a ____ The abbreviation for decigram is __ The abbreviation for hectaliter is ___

60. Metric Meanings A kilometer is ____ larger than a meter? 1000 x A centigram is _____ smaller than a gram? 100 x How many times larger than a millisecond is a centisecond? ______ 10 x

61. Converting with Metrics To convert between Metric units, simply move the decimal point the same number of steps you move up or down the staircase.

62. Converting with Metrics Try some of these: My motorcycle traveling at 209 km / hr to m / s A snail traveling 123 cm / day to km / hr 125,000 meters to centimeters 57 nanometers to kilometers Try some of these: My motorcycle traveling at 209 km / hr to m / s A snail traveling 123 cm / day to km / hr 125,000 meters to centimeters 57 nanometers to kilometers

64. Daily Assignment: In the circles below list three statements of comparison for each system. In the middle section, list the definition of a system of measurement. English System Metric system System of measurement

65. Accuracy Vs. Precision Precision: how exact your measurement is, limited by significant digits. Accuracy is the closeness of a measurement to the actual value of what is being measured. Precision: how exact your measurement is, limited by significant digits. Accuracy is the closeness of a measurement to the actual value of what is being measured.

66. What is a graph? A graph is a visual display of information or data.

67. Graphing Different types of graphs are appropriate for presenting different types of information. It is important to use the correct type of graph for the data you are presenting.

68. Types of Graphs – Pie graph Is used to show how some fixed quantity is broken down into its parts.

69. Types of Graphs – Bar graph A bar graph is useful for comparing information in a number of separate, or distinct, categories.

70. Types of Graphs – Line graph A line graph is used to display data that shows how one variable (dependent) changes in response to another variable.

71. Interpreting a Graph Each graph will be titled. This will tell you the information contained in that graph. For bar and line graphs, the x and y axis should be clearly labeled. On circle graphs, all data sections will be labeled. Each graph will be titled. This will tell you the information contained in that graph. For bar and line graphs, the x and y axis should be clearly labeled. On circle graphs, all data sections will be labeled.

72. Proportion Graphs that are said to have proportion behave in a certain way. Direct proportion means that if one thing goes up, the other goes up. Or, if one thing goes down, the other goes down. Inverse proportion means if one things goes up, the other goes down, and vice versa. Graphs that are said to have proportion behave in a certain way. Direct proportion means that if one thing goes up, the other goes up. Or, if one thing goes down, the other goes down. Inverse proportion means if one things goes up, the other goes down, and vice versa.

73. Try this out!! http://nces.ed.gov/nceskids/createagraph/d efault.aspxhttp://nces.ed.gov/nceskids/createagraph/d efault.aspx http://nces.ed.gov/nceskids/createagraph/d efault.aspxhttp://nces.ed.gov/nceskids/createagraph/d efault.aspx

74. Test Review What is Science Branches of Natural Science Physical Science The Scientific Method Theories vs. Laws Lab Procedures Scientific Notation What is Science Branches of Natural Science Physical Science The Scientific Method Theories vs. Laws Lab Procedures Scientific Notation

75. Test Review Metric System Standard Of Measurement Length, Mass, Volume, Time, Temperature Metric System VS. English The Metric Prefixes The Metric Staircase Metric System Standard Of Measurement Length, Mass, Volume, Time, Temperature Metric System VS. English The Metric Prefixes The Metric Staircase

76. Test Review Converting with Metrics Accuracy Vs. Precision Graphs –Line –Bar –Pie Proportion Converting with Metrics Accuracy Vs. Precision Graphs –Line –Bar –Pie Proportion

77. Practice with Scientific Notation 4.56 x 10 7 1.23 x 10 -4 987,000,000.000,0001 4.56 x 10 7 1.23 x 10 -4 987,000,000.000,0001 90,000,000,000.000,000,000,000, 000,000,000,1 8.7 x 10 25 9.9 x 10 11

78. Metric Conversion Practice 112 hl to ml 43.7 km to cm 60 days to s 112 hl to ml 43.7 km to cm 60 days to s Tony running at 8 km / hr to m / s Big rig covering 1000 km / day in mm / s Faucet dripping at 3 ml / s in kl / hour

79. Test Review When you are done with these problems, do the Chapter Assessment on page 29 in your book, numbers 1- 22.