1. Plastic and Fibre World! Presented by: Group 6 members Navneeth Joshua Ronald Marcus

2. . Plastics – Introduction The word plastic comes from the Greek word, plasticos, which means able to be moulded.  Plastics are man-made materials. Some plastics are derived from natural substances such as animals, insects and plants but most are man-made which are known as Synthetic Plastics  Most synthetic plastics come from crude oil but coal and natural gas is also used. They go through a process called Polymerization to form new compounds called Polymers  There are two main types of plastics  Thermoplastics – These can be re-shaped many times by heating and cooling process  Thermosetting Plastics – Once the shape is formed, it is permanent

3. . Plastics - History  In 1862, the first man-made plastic was made by Alexander Parkes. It was called Parkesine. Parkesine  was an organic material derived from the plant material “cellulose”  could be shaped once heated retained its shape when cooled  In 1869, John Wesley Hyatt, an American printer and inventor, found that cellulose nitrate could be used as an inexpensive substitute for ivory. T he mixture could be plasticized with the addition of camphor. It was called Celluloid  celluloid could be moulded with heat and pressure into a durable shape.  In 1951, two young research chemists for Phillips Petroleum Company discovered polypropylene and polyethylene, petroleum products, the plastics which are widely used today.

4. . Plastics - Common Properties  Translucent to opaque  High impact and shock resistant  Can be sterilized  Wear and friction resistant  Virtually unbreakable  Stiff and Hard  Soft and Flexible  Wide range of colors  Good electrical insulator  Good heat resistance  Good water-resistance  Light weight

5. Plastics - Past & Present applications  When celluloid was discovered, it became the only plastic of commercial importance for 30 years.  Its first use was mainly for dental impressions. Dentists were happy to replace it for expensive vulcanized rubber.  Its other applications were: photographic film, billiard balls, eyeglass frames, combs, shirt collars, buttons, dentures.  Today, plastics are used to make items ranging from computers, airplane, automobile parts and important medical equipment to toys, cookware, sports equipment, and even clothes. You cannot imagine a day without plastics!

6. . Fibre – Introduction  Fiber is a long, thin strand or thread of material. Fibers are flexible and may be spun into yarn and made into fabrics.  Fibers naturally occur in both plants and animals.  Natural fibers include cotton, hair, fur, silk, and wool. Other fibers are manufactured.  There are two types of manufactured fibers (thermoplastics):  R egenerated fibers and synthetic fibers. Regenerated fibers are made from natural materials by processing these materials to form a fiber structure. Rayon and acetate are two common regenerated fibers.  Synthetic fibers are made entirely from chemicals. Synthetic fibers are usually stronger than either natural or regenerated fibers. The most widely used kinds of synthetic fibers are nylon (polyamide), polyester, acrylic, and olefin.

7. . Fibre - History  Natural Fibres  Natural fibers have been used for apparel and home fashion for thousands of years, with the use of wool going back over 4,000 years  Regenerated Fibres  was in use since 1799. It was known as artificial silk, but later on became known as Rayon.  Acetate was discovered around 1865.  Synthetic Fibres  Nylon, the first synthetic fibre was discovered in year 1939.

8. . Fibre - Common Properties  Non-observant  Very durable  Crease resistant  Easy care

9. Fibre - Past & Present applications  Past  Stockings  Parachutes  Present  Tires  Ropes  Seat belts  Parachutes  Fishing lines  Nets  Hoses  Bulletproof vests  Sewing thread  Flame-resistant clothing

10. Resources Fiber  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_fiber  http://www.42explore.com/fibers.htmhttp://www.42explore.com/fibers.htm  http://www.fabriclink.com/university/history.cfmhttp://www.fabriclink.com/university/history.cfm Plastics  http://museo.cannon.com/museonew/UKmuseo/storia/storia2UK.asp?Direzione=A vanti&decenpass= http://museo.cannon.com/museonew/UKmuseo/storia/storia2UK.asp?Direzione=A vanti&decenpass  http://www.reachoutmichigan.org/funexperiments/quick/plastic.htmlhttp://www.reachoutmichigan.org/funexperiments/quick/plastic.html  http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blpolystyrene.htmhttp://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blpolystyrene.htm  http://www.essortment.com/all/whatisthehist_rgoq.htmhttp://www.essortment.com/all/whatisthehist_rgoq.htm  http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Chemical_Properties_of_Plastichttp://wiki.answers.com/Q/Chemical_Properties_of_Plastic  http://dwb4.unl.edu/Chem/CHEM869E/CHEM869ELinks/qlink.queensu.ca/~6jrt/ch em210/Page2.html http://dwb4.unl.edu/Chem/CHEM869E/CHEM869ELinks/qlink.queensu.ca/~6jrt/ch em210/Page2.html  http://www.design-technology.org/CDT10plasticproperties.htmhttp://www.design-technology.org/CDT10plasticproperties.htm  http://www.daigger.com/plastic.jsphttp://www.daigger.com/plastic.jsp  http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Who_discovered_plastichttp://wiki.answers.com/Q/Who_discovered_plastic

11. Thank You Q & A Session!