1. Modeling Behaviour of the Users in Adaptive and Semantic-enhanced Information Systems: The Role of a User Ontology Dr. Liana Razmerita Centre of Applied Information and Communication Technologies Copenhagen Business School

2. Liana Razmerita, Adaptive Hypermedia, 29/07/08 2 Presentation Outline Introduction Context of research - KMS Motivation- painpoints of the actual KM tools Research Questions Ontology-based User Modeling Conclusions and Outlook

3. Liana Razmerita, Adaptive Hypermedia, 29/07/08 3 Context of research Knowledge Management Systems (KMS)- information systems dedicated to manage organizational knowledge (Leidner and Alavi, 2001). Semantic-enhanced KMSs - Domain ontologies can improve KMS within organizations and among distributed web-comunities (Maedche et al., 2002, Velardi et al, 2007) share capitalize create KMS integrate complex knowledge processes: Support social processes: ks, kc. Collaboration between employees; Learning processes; Management of tacit knowledge; KM 1.0, KM 2.0, KM3.0 –semantic-enhanced

4. Liana Razmerita, Adaptive Hypermedia, 29/07/08 4 Limitations of current KMSs Need to better organize knowledge Content is not correctly organized, not updated or [is] duplicated. Need for better knowledge filtering and user support These tools need major improvement to allow users [to] use knowledge tools in an easy way, spend less time and avoid getting lost among hundreds of document, Save time when I am looking for a solution Need to better manage tacit knowledge To know what people know and to make their experience with technology and products accessible. Source: Survey on KMS (n=16 Ontologging End-Users )

5. Liana Razmerita, Adaptive Hypermedia, 29/07/08 5 Research Questions Why is it important to model users of a KMS? What are the relevant characteristics of the users of a KMS? What type of users behavior can be distinguished in a KMS? How to track and maintain the user models in a KMS? What are the advantages/limitations of applying ontologies in user modeling? How to make us of the metadata? How can a user model improve the interaction with a KMS? What type of intelligent /personalized services can be provided based on the users characteristics? How to build semantic-enhanced data models? What are the perspectives of its use in the context of the Semantic Web?

6. Liana Razmerita, Adaptive Hypermedia, 29/07/08 6 Related Work User Modeling Research Adaptive hypermedia and personalized interactions (Kobsa, 2002),(Brusilovsky, 2007),(Cristea et al., 2007) Ontology-based user modeling (Razmerita et al., 2003)(Kay and Lum, 2005)(Heckman et al., 2005, 2007) (Katifori et al., 2008) Semantic Web and Ontology Research Ontology-based personalization: Dolog and Nejdl(2007) EPOS (Schwarz and Roth-Berghofer,2002), Elena(Dolog et. al., 2003); (Henze et al. 2004) Ontology, agents and corporate memory: FRODO(Van Elst & Abecker, 2001), CoMMA(Gandon and Dieng-Kuntz, 2001) Knowledge Management Systems (OLeary &Studer, 2001), (Nonaka et al. 2001), (Fischer & Ostwald, 2001)

7. Liana Razmerita, Adaptive Hypermedia, 29/07/08 7 From Ontology-based Knowledge Modeling to Ontology-based User Modeling Integration of 2 different specifications for user model by 2 Spanish companies Building a user ontology is not simple! How achieve an agreed conceptualization, integrate specific characteristics of users interacting with KMS, completeness? Adapt a methodology proposed by [Uschold and Gruninger, 1996] Step1 Specification phase The use of IMS LIP specification Extends IMS LIP-upper ontology Step 2 The process of coding KAON tool suite and Web ontology language extending RDF/RDFS Step 3 The process of integrating with existing ontologies The definition of similar concepts as synonyms Different representation languages

8. Liana Razmerita, Adaptive Hypermedia, 29/07/08 8 OI-Modeler View of User Ontology Behavior Concept TypeOfActivity LevelOfActivity LevelOfKnowledge- Sharing

9. Liana Razmerita, Adaptive Hypermedia, 29/07/08 9 Ontology-based User Modeling framework (OntobUMf) (Razmerita et al. 2003, Razmerita 2007)

10. Liana Razmerita, Adaptive Hypermedia, 29/07/08 10 Intelligent Service: category extractor Categories of users obtained by processing the logs (heuristics + fuzzy logic); Type of Activity: Readers/ Writers/ Lurkers; If (nb_of_read_papers>NR) and (nb_of_contributions <NC) then user(x) =reader (during timeframe) If (nb_of_contributions>=NC) then user(x) =writer (during timeframe) …. Level of Activity: Very Active/Active/Visitor/Inactive; If (nb_of_read_papers > NR) and (nb_of_contributions >=NC+1) then user(x) = very active …. If (nb_of_read_papers =0) and (nb_of_contributions =0) Then user(x) = inactive (during timeframe)

11. Liana Razmerita, Adaptive Hypermedia, 29/07/08 11 Intelligent Service: category extractor Level of Knowledge Sharing: Unaware, Aware, Interested, Trial, Adopters Y=f(x1, x2)– [very high, high, medium, low, very low] x1 the type of activity: [high, medium, low] x2 the level of activity: [high, medium, low, very low] Y=f(x 1, x 2 )highmediumlowvery low highvery high medium highmediumlow very low The calculus of the level of knowledge sharing

12. Liana Razmerita, Adaptive Hypermedia, 29/07/08 12

13. Liana Razmerita, Adaptive Hypermedia, 29/07/08 13 Findings-some evaluation results Users are concerned with privacy and trust: Users profile should be only partial available in a KMS; Users want to be in control and to maintain their profiles; The use of combo box would facilitate the acquisition of the users data and the consistency of the terminology; Ontologging end-users identify recognition and promotion as key incentive for knowledge sharing

14. Liana Razmerita, Adaptive Hypermedia, 29/07/08 14 Summary A top-down approach in building a user ontology using IMS LIP specification-lack of know-how on how to build an ontology? User ontology extending IMS LIP (Information Management Systems Learning Information Package) A standard/a specification can be usefull but can be limitative. Ontology-based UM framework User Behavior ( level of activity, type of activity, level of knowledge sharing)

15. Future work Extending OntobUMf towards its use within KM2.0 (blogs, wikis) OntobUMf in an e-learning scenario: LevelofActivity/TypeofActivity/LevelofKnowledge Liana Razmerita, Adaptive Hypermedia, 29/07/08 15