1. Programming in postgreSQL with PL/pgSQL ProceduralLanguageextension topostgreSQL

2. Consider the relation Point(X,Y) Q: How would you query the coordinates of all points situated on the curve y=x 2 +3x+5 ? A: Select x,y from point where y=x*x+3*x+5 Q: How would you query the coordinates of all pairs of points with a distance> 5 ? A: select p1.x, p1.y, p2.x, p2.y from point p1, point p2 where (p1.y-p2.y)*(p1.y-p2.y)+(p1.x-p2.x)*(p1.x- p2.x)>25

3. Consider the relation Point(X,Y) Q: Suppose you have another relation, called edge(point1, point2). How would you query the coordinates of all points in the shortest path from (3,7) to (32,77)? A: With standard SQL, you cannot..

4. PL/pgSQL Allows using general programming tools with SQL, for example: loops, conditions, functions, etc. This allows a lot more freedom than general SQL We write PL/pgSQL code in a regular file, for example firstPl.sql, and load it with \i in the psql console.

5. PL/pgSQL Blocks PL/pgSQL code is built of Blocks, with a unique structure: LABEL DECLARE (optional) /* Variable declaration*/ BEGIN (mandatory) /* Executable statements (what the block DOES!)*/ EXCEPTION (optional) /* Exception handling*/ END; (mandatory) LABEL

6. Labeling a function: And at the end of the function: Example: Create [or replace] function funcName(varName1 varType1,varName2 varType2,…) Returns returnVarType AS $$ $$ language plpgsql; Create or replace function myMultiplication(var1 integer, var2 integer) returns integer as $$ BEGIN return var1*var2; END; $$ language plpgsql

7. Alternatively, the return value and type can be declared as function parameters: This allows returning more than one value without defining a record Create [or replace] function funcName(varName1 varType1,varName2 varType2,…,out retVarName retvarType) AS $$ Create or replace function myAddition(var1 integer, var2 integer, out addRes integer) returns integer as $$ BEGIN addRes:=var1+var2; END; $$ language plpgsql Example:

8. Declare The general syntax of a variable declaration is: name [CONSTANT] type [ NOT NULL] [DEFAULT := expression] Examples: user_id integer; quantity numeric(5); url varchar(20); myrow tablename%ROWTYPE;

9. Example Create or replace function addTax(price real, OUT res1 real) as $$ begin res1:= price*1.155; end; $$ language plpgsql; first.sql: In the psql console write: \i first.sql Then you can use the function: Insert into pricesTable values(addTax(20)); or Select (addTax(20));

10. Declaring Variables with the %TYPE Attribute Examples DECLARE snameSailors.sname%TYPE; fav_boatVARCHAR(30); my_fav_boatfav_boat%TYPE := 'Pinta';... Accessing column sname in table Sailors Accessing a variable

11. Declaring Variables with the %ROWTYPE Attribute Declare a variable with the type of a ROW of a table. And how do we access the fields in reserves_record? reserves_record Reserves%ROWTYPE; reserves_record.sid=9; Reserver_record.bid=877; Accessing table Reserves

12. Select into If select returns more than one result, the first row will be taken, or nulls if no rows were returned Notice that unless ‘Order by’ was specified, the first row is not well defined Create or replace function mySp(var1 integer) returns integer as $$ declare sp_var sportsman%rowtype; BEGIN select * into sp_var from sportsman; return sp_var.age*var1; END; $$ language plpgsql

13. Select into strict In this case, if more or less than one row is returned, a run-time error will occur Create or replace function mySp(var1 integer) returns integer as $$ declare sp_var sportsman%rowtype; BEGIN select * into strict sp_var from sportsman; return sp_var.age*var1; END; $$ language plpgsql

14. Record A record is similar to row-type, but we don’t have to predefine its structure DECLARE varRecord record; BEGIN select * into varRecord from students; DECLARE varRecord record; BEGIN select * into varRecord from students;

15. select myMult(ms.*) from multipliers ms where ms.mult>100 order by mult asc; What does this return? The multiplication of the smallest mult which is larger than 100 by the age of the oldest sportsman whose age is less than 30 CREATE or replace FUNCTION myMult(t2_row multipliers) RETURNS real AS $$ declare t_row sportsman%rowtype; BEGIN SELECT * INTO t_row FROM sportsman WHERE age<30 order by age desc; RETURN t_row.age*t2_row.mult; END; $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;

16. Checking if a row was returned Declare myVar sportsman%rowtype; Begin Select * into myVar from sportsman where age=4; If not found then…

17. Conditioning IF boolean-expression THEN statements END IF; … IF v_age > 22 THEN UPDATE sportsman SET salary = salary+1000 WHERE sid = v_sid; END IF; …

18. Conditioning 2 IF boolean-expression THEN statements ELSE statements END IF;

19. Conditioning 3 IF boolean-expression THEN statements ELSIF boolean-expression THEN statements ELSIF boolean-expression THEN statements … ELSE statements END IF;

20. Example Select assessRate(6.7); CREATE or replace FUNCTION assessRate(rating real) RETURNS text AS $$ BEGIN if rating>9 then return 'great'; elsif rating>7 then return 'good'; elsif rating>5 then return 'keep on working'; elsif rating>3 then return 'work harder!'; else return 'you can stop working'; end if; END; $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;

21. Suppose we have the following table: Want to keep track of how many times users have run a PL/SQL block When the block is run, if user is already in table, increment num_run. Otherwise, insert user into table create table mylog( who text, num_run integer ); num_run who 3Peter 4John 2Moshe mylog

22. Solution CREATE FUNCTION updateLogged() RETURNS void AS $$ DECLARE cnt integer; BEGIN Select count(*) into cnt from mylog where who=user; If cnt>0 then update mylog set num_run = num_run + 1 where who = user; else insert into mylog values(user, 1); end if; end; $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;

23. Simple loop LOOP statements END LOOP; Terminated by Exit or return Exit: only causes termination of the loop Can be specified with a condition: Exit when …

24. Examples LOOP -- some computations IF count > 0 THEN EXIT; END IF; END LOOP; LOOP -- some computations EXIT WHEN count > 0; END LOOP; BEGIN -- some computations IF stocks > 100000 THEN EXIT; END IF; END;

25. Continue The next iteration of the loop is begun Create or replace function myTest(var1 integer) returns integer as $$ DECLARE i integer; BEGIN i:=1 loop exit when i>var1 i=i+1 continue when i<20 raise notice 'num is %',i end loop return i*var1 END $$ language plpgsql What does this print for select myTest(30)? 20…31

26. While loop WHILE expression LOOP --statements END LOOP; WHILE money_amount > 0 AND happiness<9 LOOP -- buy more END LOOP;

27. For loop FOR var IN [ REVERSE ] stRange..endRange [ BY jumps ] LOOP statements END LOOP; FOR i IN 1..10 LOOP RAISE NOTICE 'i is %', i; END LOOP; FOR i IN REVERSE 10..1 LOOP -- some computations here END LOOP; FOR i IN REVERSE 10..1 BY 2 LOOP RAISE NOTICE 'i is %', i; END LOOP;

28. Looping Through Query Results FOR target IN query LOOP statements END LOOP; CREATE or replace FUNCTION assessRates() RETURNS void AS $$ DECLARE i record; BEGIN for i in select rating from ratings order by rating loop if i.rating>9 then raise notice 'great'; elsif i.rating>7 then raise notice 'good'; elsif i.rating>5 then raise notice 'keep on working'; elsif i.rating>3 then raise notice 'work harder!'; else raise notice 'you can stop working'; end if; end loop; END; $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;

29. Trapping exceptions DECLARE declarations BEGIN statements EXCEPTION WHEN condition [ OR condition... ] THEN handler_statements... END;

30. Create or replace function errors(val integer) returns real as $$ Declare val2 real; BEGIN val2:=val/(val-1); return val2; Exception when division_by_zero then raise notice 'caught a zero division'; return val2; End; $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;

31. Errors and messages RAISE DEBUG RAISE LOG RAISE INFO RAISE NOTICE RAISE WARNING RAISE EXCEPTION.

32. Triggers A trigger defines an action we want to take place whenever some event has occurred. Can execute before or after the triggering event A triggering event can be an insert, update or delete The trigger can be defined to run once per changed row or once per statement The trigger function can be written in PL/pgSQL The function must not take arguments and returns type trigger First we create a trigger function and then create the trigger using create trigger

33. Triggers- cont. Row-level before triggers are usually used to modify or check the data that is changing Row-level after triggers are usually used to propagate the effect of the changes to other tables Pay attention to recursive trigger firing

34. CREATE TRIGGER name { BEFORE | AFTER } { event [ OR... ] } ON table [ FOR EACH ROW |STATEMENT ] EXECUTE PROCEDURE funcname ( arguments ) Create trigger CREATE TRIGGER emp_trig BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON employee FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE emp_trig_func() ;

35. Writing a trigger function When a trigger is fired, several variables are automatically created: New Old TG_OP …

36. CREATE FUNCTION toUpper() RETURNS trigger AS $$ BEGIN new.sname := UPPER(new.sname); END; $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql; CREATE TRIGGER toUpperTrig BEFORE INSERT or UPDATE on sportsman FOR EACH ROW execute procedure toUpper();

37. CREATE TABLE emp (empname text, salary integer, last_date timestamp, last_user text );

38. CREATE FUNCTION emp_stamp() RETURNS trigger AS $$ BEGIN -- Check that empname and salary are given IF NEW.empname IS NULL THEN RAISE EXCEPTION 'empname cannot be null'; END IF; IF NEW.salary IS NULL THEN RAISE EXCEPTION '% cannot have null salary', NEW.empname; END IF; IF NEW.salary < 0 THEN RAISE EXCEPTION '% cannot have a negative salary', NEW.empname; END IF; NEW.last_date := current_timestamp; NEW.last_user := current_user; RETURN NEW; END; $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql; CREATE TRIGGER emp_stamp BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON emp FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE emp_stamp() ;

39. CREATE TABLE emp ( empname text NOT NULL, salary integer ); CREATE TABLE emp_backup( operation char(1) NOT NULL, stamp timestamp NOT NULL, userid text NOT NULL, empname text NOT NULL, salary integer );

40. CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION process_emp_backup() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$ BEGIN IF (TG_OP = 'DELETE') THEN INSERT INTO emp_backup SELECT 'D', now(), user, OLD.*; RETURN OLD; ELSIF (TG_OP = 'UPDATE') THEN INSERT INTO emp_backup SELECT 'U', now(), user, NEW.*; RETURN NEW; ELSIF (TG_OP = 'INSERT') THEN INSERT INTO emp_backup SELECT 'I', now(), user, NEW.*; RETURN NEW; END IF; RETURN NULL; END; $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;

41. CREATE TRIGGER emp_backup AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON emp FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE process_emp_backup() ;

43. Statement Trigger CREATE FUNCTION shabbat_trig_func() RETURNS trigger AS $$ BEGIN if (TO_CHAR(current_date,'DY')='SAT') then raise exception ‘no work on shabbat!’; end if; Return; END; $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql; CREATE TRIGGER no_work_on_shabbat_trig BEFORE INSERT or DELETE or UPDATE on sportsman for each statement execute procedure shabbat_trig_func();