2. ACTION QUERIES (SQL COMMANDS ) STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

3. ACTION QUERIES (SQL COMMANDS) DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE TRANSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE

4. DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE (DDL ) CREATE ALTER DROP TRUNCATE

5. DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE (DML ) INSERT UPDATE DELETE

6. TRANSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE (TCL) COMMIT ROLLBACK SAVEPOINT

7. DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE (DCL) GRANT REVOKE

8. DATA TYPES NUMBER (FLOAT) VARCHAR2 DATE 40 DIGITS +SPACE FOR A DECIMAL AND A SIGN UPTO 4000 BYTES 7 DIGITS

9. TO CREATE A TABLE CREATE TABLE TABLENAME (ATTRIBUTE1 DATATYPE, ATTRIBUTE2 DATATYPE,....);

10. TO ALTER A TABLE & ADD A COLUMN ALTER TABLE TABLENAME ADD ATTRIBUTE DATATYPE;

11. TO VIEW THE TABLE SELECT * FROM TABLENAME ;

12. TO ALTER A TABLE AND MODIFY DATATYPE Alter table tablename modify attribute datatype; (PROVIDED THERE IS NO VALUE IN THE COLUMN)

13. TO RENAME A TABLE Rename oldtablename to newtablename;

14. TO DROP A TABLE Drop table tablename;

15. TO TRUNCATE A TABLE TRUNCATE TABLE TABLENAME;

16. To insert values into a table INSERT INTO TABLENAME VALUES(VALUE1,VALUE2, VALUE3....);

17. TO UPDATE VALUES Update tablename set column1=value1, column2=value2 where columnname=value ;

18. To delete values from a table Delete from tablename where columnname=value;

19. TO SAVE CHANGES PERMANENT/ TEMPORARY COMMIT; ROLLBACK; SAVEPOINT;

20. EXAMPLES FOR COMMIT AND ROLLBACK SELECT * FROM EMP; DELETE FROM EMP; Insert into emp(empno) values(1000);

21. COMMIT; (CHANGES ARE PERMANENT) Insert into emp(empno) values(4000); DELETE FROM EMP;

22. ROLLBACK; (CHANGES MADE AFTER THE COMMIT OR DDL WILL GET ERASED )

23. EXAMPLES OF COMMIT, ROLLBACK AND SAVEPOINT UPDATE EMP SET EMPNO=4000 WHERE EMPNO=5000; SAVEPOINT A; INSERT INTO EMP(EMPNO) VALUES(1000); SAVEPOINT B;

24. INSERT INTO EMP(ENAME) VALUES(‘JAGAN’); ROLLBACK TO B; (CHANGES MADE AFTER THE ROLLBACK B WILL GET ERASED) ROLLBACK TO A; (CHANGES MADE AFTER THE ROLLBACK A WILL GET ERASED)

25. TO VIEW ROWS WITH SALARY BETWEEN 2000 & 4000 Select ename, sal from ex16 where sal between 2000 and 4000;

26. TO VIEW PERSONS WHOSE NAME HAS LETTER “A” Select ename from ex16 where ename like ‘%a%’;

27. TO VIEW PERSONS WHOSE NAME STARTS WITH LETTER “A” Select ename from ex16 where ename like ‘a%’;

28. FUNCTIONS AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS

29. MAX (TO FIND THE MAXIMUM VALUE ON THE SET OF VALUES) Select max(salary) from emp;

30. MIN (TO FIND THE MINIMUM VALUE ON THE SET OF VALUES) SELECT MIN(SALARY) FROM EMP;

31. MORE EXAMPLES SELECT ENAME, HIREDATE FROM EMP WHERE ENAME<>’RAMAN’ AND DEPTNO=(SELECT DEPTNO FROM EMP WHERE ENAME=‘ASHOK’;

32. MORE EXAMPLES SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, SAL FROM EMP WHERE SAL>(SELECT AVG(SAL) FROM EMP) ORDER BY SAL DESC;

33. MORE EXAMPLES SELECT EMPNO, ENAME FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO FROM EMP WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘%T%’);

34. MORE EXAMPLES SELECT ENAME, DEPTNO, JOB WHERE DEPTNO=(SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT WHERE LOC=‘DALLAS’);

35. MORE EXAMPLES SELECT ENAME, SAL FROM EMP WHERE MGR=(SELECT EMPNO FROM EMP WHERE ENAME=‘KING’);

36. MORE EXAMPLES SELECT DEPTNO, ENAME, JOB FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=(SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT WHERE DNAME=‘SALES’);

37. MORE EXAMPLES SELECT ENAME, HIREDATE FROM EMP WHERE HIREDATE=(SELECT MAX(HIREDATE) FROM EMP;

38. MORE EXAMPLES SELECT EMPNO, ENAME FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO FROM EMP WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘%T%’ AND SAL>(SELECT AVG(SAL) FROM EMP));

39. MORE EXAMPLES SELECT ENAME, DEPTNO, SAL FROM EMP WHERE (DEPTNO, SAL) IN (SELECT DEPTNO, SAL FROM EMP WHERE COMM IS NOT NULL);

40. MORE EXAMPLES SELECT ENAME, JOB, SAL FROM EMP WHERE SAL>ANY(SELECT SAL FROM EMP WHERE JOB=‘CLERK’) ORDER BY SAL DESC;