1.  Survey of literary translation between Nepali and other Indo- Aryan languages spoken in Nepal  Govinda Raj Bhattarai, PhD Professor of English Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal tu.govinda@gmail.com

2. Abstract  Nepal, between India and China  Population, 23 million  92 languages  5 families -Kusunda-Dravid-Austro-Asiatic -Tibeto-Burmese (about 40) -Indo-Aryan (about 30) - Purpose is to show how literary Nepali is going for more bilateral translation

3. Abstract Continue…  Nepali 50 %  National, language of administration, wider communication, creative writing, and education  Modern Nepali literature 150 yrs  Sister language of Indo-Aryan family  Assamese, Bengali, Hindi, Maithili, Bhojpuri, etc. (all from Sanskrit)  There is close relationship.

4. Modern Nepal  Developed through translation  Some 1000 titles from various languages  Some 500 titles into other languages  Mostly from Sanskrit  Today English and other languages

5. Reciprocal Exchange BengaliSanskrit MaithiliBhojpuri AssameseHindi Nepali Multidirectional translation among the sister languages

6. Sanskrit, The Base  Many Asian languages  Exchange and promote understanding by translating between Nepali and other languages of this area.  Myth, legend, and stories from the Ramayana and the Mahabharata are abound, we have common belief  Time to promote local and connect ourselves with the ancient civilization

7. Sanskrit, Nepali, and Thai  We have many common stories, sagas, tales,  Need to promote relationship by carrying researches on the common roots and promoting translation of modern as well as old literary and non literary works

8. Conclusion and Recommendation  Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Maithili, Awadhi, Bhojpuri, Nepali have a very close relation established culturally, linguistically, geographically and historically since time immemorial.  They have developed a ground for mutual understanding and exchange and are developing almost simultaneously.  This can help us now in developing this region as a translation area.

9. Contd…  This situation is most likely do invite the foundation of a common research centre in order to establish an archive and facilitate study.  The centre should function as a pool of resource which records history, discusses the ways and direction of translation flow among these languages so that this can steer, monitor, control and facilitate translation activities among these languages.

10.  Thank you!