1. Glaciers
Ch 13

2. Introduction
Glaciers are masses of ice which move over land by plastic flow and basal slip.
Glaciers presently contain 2.15% of all water on Earth and cover about 10% of the land surface.
Fig. 14.2, p. 359

3. Types of Glaciers Valley Glaciers Ice Sheets Ice Caps
By definition glaciers are moving bodies of ice on land, that flows downslope or outward from an area of accumulation.
Note: Sea ice and icebergs is nothing more than frozen sea water and are not glaciers because they do not form on land.
Valley Glaciers
Ice Sheets
Ice Caps

4. Valley Glaciers Valley glaciers are Long, narrow tongues of ice
Typically much smaller than continental glaciers
Flow from higher to lower elevations
Confined within mountain valleys.
Create spectacular scenery!

5. Ice Sheets Also called Continental Glaciers
Continental glaciers flow outward in all directions from a zone of accumulation
Also called Ice Sheets
Huge - cover vast areas.
Often develop large ice shelves where they flow outward into the sea.

6. Ice Caps Similar to continental glaciers but much smaller.
Some develop from valley glaciers when they grow over the top of a divide.

7. How Do Glaciers Originate and Move?
Glaciers form when winter snowfall exceeds summer
melt and snow accumulates yearly.
Ice is a crystalline solid. Fresh snowflakes are about
As the snow accumulates it thaws and refreezes, becoming a granular type of ice called Tim.
 When firn is buried and and recrystallized, it is metamorphosed to glacial ice and will flow under its
own weight.

8. Snowflakes Glacial ice Granular snow Firn Figure 14.4 Glacial Ice
a The conversion of freshly fallen snow to fi rn and then to glacial ice.
Firn
Stepped Art
Fig. 14-4a, p. 361

9. How Do Glaciers Originate and Move?
Glaciers move thru
Basal Slip and
Plastic Flow
If a slope is present glaciers may slide over their underlying surface, a phenomenon
called basal slip
Most of their movement is accomplished
by plastic flow, a type of deformation
that takes place in response
to stress.
In a glacier the pressure comes from the weight of the ice pilled above; it forces the ice crystals to slip past one another

10. The Mass Balance of Glacier
Glacial budget - A glacier's behavior depends on the balance between accumulation and wastage (melting).
The upper part of the glacier, where the snow cover is year-round is the zone of accumulation.
The lower part, where losses exceed gains is the zone of wastage.
The line separating the two is the firn limit. It shifts each year.

11. Glacial Budget
Glacial budget - A glacier's behavior depends on the balance between accumulation and wastage (melting).
Glaciers having a balanced budget have a stationary terminus. The firn limit changes very little from year to year.
Positive and negative budgets result in advance and retreat of the terminus, respectively.

12. The Glacial Budget Accumulation and Wastage
A valley glacier with a balanced budget will deposit a terminal moraine at its base.
If it has a negative budget a recessional moraine may develop.

13. Erosion and Transport by Glaciers
Push or bulldoze loose materials in their paths
Erode by abrasion - that is, the movement of sediment-laden ice over rock surfaces
Erode by plucking when ice freezes in or around bedrock projections and pulls them loose.

14. Erosion and Transport by Glaciers
Polish rocks as they grind them into a fine powder called rock flour.
Abrasion also results in glacial striations – scratches made by rocks scraping against one another as the glacier moves

15. Erosion and Transport by Glaciers
Erosion by Valley Glaciers
Valley glaciers carve angular peaks and deep valleys
U-Shaped Glacial Troughs
When mountain valleys are eroded by glaciers they are deepened and widened so that they have flat or gently rounded (U-shaped) valley floors and near-vertical valley walls.
Fig b, p. 369

16. V-shape vs U-Shape

17. Erosion by Valley Glaciers
Cirques
At the upper end of the glacial trough, a scoop-shaped depression, or cirque, eroded into a mountain side marks the place where a glacier formed and moved out into a trough.

19. Erosion by Valley Glaciers
Arêtes and Horns
Both are landforms generated by valley glacier erosion.
An arête is a serrated ridge between U-shaped glacial troughs or between adjacent cirques
A horn is a pyramid-shaped peak left when headword erosion takes place by at least three glaciers in the same peak.
Geo-inSight 10., p. 370
Fig c, p. 369

20. What Causes Ice Ages? orbital eccentricity changes in axial tilt
The Milankovitch Theory
An explanation for the onset of the glacial episodes
Milankovitch claimed that irregularities in Earth’s rotation and orbit bring about complex climatic changes that provide the triggering mechanism for glacial episodes.
The 3 primary factors are
orbital eccentricity
changes in axial tilt
precession of the equinoxes

22. Homework Describe the theory of Snowball Earth Theory
And describe the Albedo effect
Due Next Wednesday !