1. The Automobile and the City 1893-1941

2. 19 th Century Origins of the Internal Combustion Engine

3. The Automobile was “European by Birth and American by Adoption” Etienne Lenoir Nicholas Otto Karl Benz Gottlieb Daimler Emile Constant Levassor

5. France, statistics on vehicles in use by year, 1899-1909 (Britannica, 1911, XVIII,920) YearTotal Vehicles in Use 1899 1,672 1900 2,897 1901 5,386 1902 9,207 190312,984 190417,107 190521,543 190626,262 190731,286 190837,586 190846,000

6. The Early 20 th c. Competition Among Engine Technologies Steam Electric Internal Combustion (ICE)

11. The Rise of the American Automobile Industry Frank and Charles Dureya Elwood Haynes along with Edgar and Elmer Apperson Hiram Maxim Alexander Winton Albert Pope Ransom Olds Henry Ford

12. American Motor Vehicle Production, 1899-1910 YearNumberValue 1899600 1,290,000 190310,576 16,000,000 190413,766 24,500,000 190520,787 42,000,000 190623,000 50,000,000 190742,694105,000,000 190849,952 83,000,000 1909114,891135,000,000 1910200,000225,000,000

13. The Market Shifts in the Early American Automobile Industry Initially, the automobile was a play thing for the rich With the coming of Henry Ford and mass production, the automobile becomes a perceived necessity in rural areas After WWI and with the advent of closed steel-bodied automobiles, the market gradually shifts to city dwellers

21. Prior to the 1920s, American Highways were Horrendous Federal Legislation, 1916 and 1921 Funding largely supported by the gasoline tax Thomas McDonald and the Bureau of Public Roads An arterial system developed to link all major cities of 50,000 or more N-S highways odd numbers, E-W highways, even

29. Autos and City Space Development During the 1920s Filling in the space between the fingers of development caused by the trolley lines Housing architecture – the California bungalow From carriage house to garage

31. Main Street, 1910

32. Main Street, 1925

35. The Parkway and the Suburb – New York City Area The Long Island Motor Parkway (1906-11) The Hutchinson River Parkway (1928) The Saw Mill River Parkway (1929) The Cross Country Parkway (1931)

37. Big Bridges and Far Suburbs Delaware River (Franklin) Between Philadelphia and Camden; Haddonfield, NJ George Washington Between New York and Northern New Jersey

45. Alfred P. Sloan and the Road Gang National Highway Users Conference National City Lines and Roy Fitzgerald Trolleys and Buses GM fined in 1949 A Case of Technological Suppression?

47. What is Good for GM is What is Good for America?

52. The Case of Los Angeles The Pacific Electric “Red” car trolley system Decentralization taking place in LA before widespread use of the car Trolley disadvantages and poor service Inherent flexibility of the automobile – the psychological notion of “freedom”