1. Aquarius/SAC-D Salinity Satellite Mission and the Ocean Observing System Gary Lagerloef Aquarius Principal Investigator NOAA/CPO Climate Observation Division 6th Annual System Review 3-5 September 2008 Silver Spring, MD

2. NOAA Climate Review 2 3-5 September 2008, Silver spring MD G. Lagerloef, et al. Aquarius and Ocean Observations Salinity Satellite Mission Oceanography, Vol. 21, No. 1 AQUARIUS/SAC-D Science Workshop Puerto Madryn, Argentina, 3-6 December 2008

3. NOAA Climate Review 3 3-5 September 2008, Silver spring MD G. Lagerloef, et al. Aquarius and Ocean Observations Salinity Satellite Mission Aquarius Salinity Microwave Instrument Launch Vehicle Service Platform and SAC-D Science Instruments Mission Operations & Ground System International Partnership between United States – Argentina Aquarius/SAC-D Observatory

4. NOAA Climate Review 4 3-5 September 2008, Silver spring MD G. Lagerloef, et al. Aquarius and Ocean Observations Salinity Satellite Mission 3 beams 390 km wide swath. 76 x 94 km96 x 156 km 84 x 120 km Salinity Data 150km, Monthly, 0.2 (pss) Salinity Data 150km, Monthly, 0.2 (pss) Surface Validation Mission Design and Sampling Strategy Beams point toward the night side to avoid sun glint Launch 22 May 2010 Launch 22 May 2010 In Orbit Chec kout Aquarius Ground System Aquarius Ground System Global Coverage in 7 Days 4 Repeat Cycles per Month Global Coverage in 7 Days 4 Repeat Cycles per Month Sun-synchronous exact repeat orbit 6pm ascending node Altitude 657 km

5. NOAA Climate Review 5 3-5 September 2008, Silver spring MD G. Lagerloef, et al. Aquarius and Ocean Observations Salinity Satellite Mission Basin scale spatial resolution provided by the Aquarius footprint: Top: Snapshot of a 1/8 degree OGCM SSS field. Middle: The same field with a 150 km Gaussian filter applied to simulate the Aquarius spatial resolution, removing much of the eddy scale structure while preserving good spatial resolution of basin and gyre scale structures. Bottom: Mean annual SSS from World Ocean Atlas 2005.

6. NOAA Climate Review 6 3-5 September 2008, Silver spring MD G. Lagerloef, et al. Aquarius and Ocean Observations Salinity Satellite Mission SSS 30-day Retrieval Simulation Representing both ascending and descending at Aquarius 3 horn footprints 30 day mean Input SSS field 30 day men Retrieved SSS field

7. NOAA Climate Review 7 3-5 September 2008, Silver spring MD G. Lagerloef, et al. Aquarius and Ocean Observations Salinity Satellite Mission SSS Retrieval Simulation Mean and Standard Deviation Errors Representing both ascending and descending of all 3 horns 30 day SSS retrieval bias 30 day SSS retrieval error standard deviation Note degradation in high latitudes, especially southern ocean

8. NOAA Climate Review 8 3-5 September 2008, Silver spring MD G. Lagerloef, et al. Aquarius and Ocean Observations Salinity Satellite Mission Breakdown of Simulated Retrieval Errors by Latitude Band Individual 5.6 second sample standard deviation error Mean bias error Zonal mean SST <0.15 psu While these simulator results look very promising, we a certain to have overlooked something… Frank Wentz and Sab Kim, Remote Sensing Systems; Aquarius Algorithm Development Team

9. NOAA Climate Review 9 3-5 September 2008, Silver spring MD G. Lagerloef, et al. Aquarius and Ocean Observations Salinity Satellite Mission U.S. CLIVAR Salinity Working Group Proposed Control Volume Experiment Constrain the complete surface atmosphere/ocean hydrologic [seasonal] cycle based on observations Test and improve coupled climate models Alternative regimes evaporative subtropical gyre high precipitation tropical regime Oceanography, Vol. 21, 2007

10. NOAA Climate Review 10 3-5 September 2008, Silver spring MD G. Lagerloef, et al. Aquarius and Ocean Observations Salinity Satellite Mission Potential Process Study in 2011 Discussion group meeting at WHOI 9-10 July 2008: Ray Schmitt, Eric Lindstrom, Steve Riser, Arnold Gordon, Bill Large, Jim Carton, Fred Bingham, Gary Lagerloef, Lisan Yu, David Fratantoni Air-Sea Freshwater Budget Study Location advantages: Weak horizontal divergence Low precipitation 1D physics Modest eddy activity Source of water for northern tropical thermocline Stable SSS for satellite Cal-Val Warm SST (better for Aquarius accuracy) Leverages other resources: RAPID/MOC sections, Pirata Array, ESTOC time series (Canary Islands) Logistically tractable 26 N

11. NOAA Climate Review 11 3-5 September 2008, Silver spring MD G. Lagerloef, et al. Aquarius and Ocean Observations Salinity Satellite Mission Circulation Convergence Zone and Weak Advection

12. NOAA Climate Review 12 3-5 September 2008, Silver spring MD G. Lagerloef, et al. Aquarius and Ocean Observations Salinity Satellite Mission North Atlantic Salinity Maximum Westerlies Trade winds Florida Straits Water vapor to the Pacific across central america Wind stress curl Arnold. Gordon Science Questions: What processes maintain the salinity maximum? Where does the excess salt go? What processes give rise to temporal variability? What is the larger impact on the shallow overturning circulation?

13. NOAA Climate Review 13 3-5 September 2008, Silver spring MD G. Lagerloef, et al. Aquarius and Ocean Observations Salinity Satellite Mission Aquarius and Integrated In Situ Observations GOSUD Integrated Satellite + in situ Salinity Observing System Surface Validation

14. NOAA Climate Review 14 3-5 September 2008, Silver spring MD G. Lagerloef, et al. Aquarius and Ocean Observations Salinity Satellite Mission U.S. CLIVAR Salinity Working Group Recommendations - 2007 In response to limitations of the historical observing system we support the maintenance and expansion of the current in situ observing system, especially Argo and the Volunteer Observing Ship thermosalinographs. We recommend enhancements to the global observing system specifically directed towards improved estimation of sea surface salinity: –Expand the Argo instrument suite to include Surface Argo Salinity Measurements (Upper 5-m sensor) to allow a more precise calibration of Aquarius. (Skin depth ~2 cm) –Support development and testing of sea surface salinity sensors for deployment on the surface drifters of the Global Drifter Program.

15. NOAA Climate Review 15 3-5 September 2008, Silver spring MD G. Lagerloef, et al. Aquarius and Ocean Observations Salinity Satellite Mission TAO Array SSS TAO Buoy 2S 165E Delcroix & McPhaden, JGR 2002) 0.2 psu

16. NOAA Climate Review 16 3-5 September 2008, Silver spring MD G. Lagerloef, et al. Aquarius and Ocean Observations Salinity Satellite Mission Applying TSG Data for Understanding Calibration Provided by Gary Lagerloef and John Gunn The RMS difference between satellite and in situ data comprises several terms: ε O is an error due to the spatial offset between the satellite and in situ samples (~0.2 psu; likely to be the largest term). ε P is the difference error between a point salinity measurement and the area average over the instantaneous satellite footprint (log- normal distribution, median ~0.05 psu, extremes ~0.5). ε Z is the difference error between the skin depth (~1-2 cm) salinity and in situ instrument measurement generally at 0.5 m to 5 m depth (can be >1 psu in rain). ε C is the in situ sensor calibration error, usually very small (<0.05 psu) The RMS difference between satellite and in situ data comprises several terms: ε O is an error due to the spatial offset between the satellite and in situ samples (~0.2 psu; likely to be the largest term). ε P is the difference error between a point salinity measurement and the area average over the instantaneous satellite footprint (log- normal distribution, median ~0.05 psu, extremes ~0.5). ε Z is the difference error between the skin depth (~1-2 cm) salinity and in situ instrument measurement generally at 0.5 m to 5 m depth (can be >1 psu in rain). ε C is the in situ sensor calibration error, usually very small (<0.05 psu)

17. NOAA Climate Review 17 3-5 September 2008, Silver spring MD G. Lagerloef, et al. Aquarius and Ocean Observations Salinity Satellite Mission Argo Enhanced SSS Float Trials Purpose: To obtain “skin” salinity and upper 5m gradient statistics Argo CTD nominally shuts off at ~5m Steve Riser and Gary Lagerloef are assembling experimental Argo floats each with a secondary CTD sensor to profile to the surface. The primary CTD will shut off at ~5 m per normal operations. Sea-Bird developed a specialized “Surface Temperature Salinity” (STS) sensor which is programmed to profile the upper ~30 m and is inter-calibrated with the primary CTD We deployed the first at the HOT site near Hawaii late summer 2007. Others are being deployed in the equatorial Pacific in 2008, including one in the warm pool. Development of at least 20 are being funded by NASA during the next 2 years.

18. NOAA Climate Review 18 3-5 September 2008, Silver spring MD G. Lagerloef, et al. Aquarius and Ocean Observations Salinity Satellite Mission Drifters SSS: COSMOS 2005 Field Test, Bay of Biscay Reverdin et al., JTech, 2007 AprJunAug-SepDec 9-month drifts <~0.06 SVP Drifters Ready for more extensive SSS trials Parallel effort at WHOI

19. NOAA Climate Review 19 3-5 September 2008, Silver spring MD G. Lagerloef, et al. Aquarius and Ocean Observations Salinity Satellite Mission Priorities for Aquarius SSS Cal/Val and Ocean Process Studies 50-100 SSS Drifters in the N. Atlantic Subtropical gyre by 2011. ~50 Enhanced STS Argo in high rainfall and high evaporation regimes. ~50 SSS Drifters in the Southern Ocean (large satellite error)

20. NOAA Climate Review 20 3-5 September 2008, Silver spring MD G. Lagerloef, et al. Aquarius and Ocean Observations Salinity Satellite Mission Aquarius/SAC-D Science Team Announcements A process is underway between NASA and CONAE to coordinate the selection process to form a joint mission science team to support both Aquarius salinity and the other SAC-D science instruments and objectives. US submissions are mainly through NASA ROSES, "Ocean Salinity Science Team". Proposals are due in 18 March 2009; Notices of Intent due 16 January 2009. The next Aquarius/SAC-D science workshop is in Puerto Madryn Argentina, 3-5 December 2008. Abstract deadline 10 October 2008 Fall AGU Special Session OS24: Climatic Variability in the Marine Freshwater Cycle; Abstracts due 10 September 2008