1. 1 Bell: There is an ancient invention still used in some parts of the world today that allows people to see through walls. What is it? 1 Windows False Assumption: Walls are totally opaque Walls are not part of a house Somehow, windows weren’t “invented” Windows aren’t that ancient

2. 2 Story 2 Two train tracks run parallel to each other, except for a short distance where they meet and become one track over a narrow bridge. One morning, one train speeds onto the bridge. Another train speeds onto the bridge from the other direction. Neither train comes to a stop on the short bridge, yet there is no collision. How is this possible? 2

3. 3 Answer: the trains are traveling at different times of the morning. False assumption: The trains were arriving at the same time. Any assumptions in Butterfly Lab Why are knowing about assumptions Important? 3

4. 4 Chapter 23~ The Evolution of Populations

5. 5 Population genetics Population: –the same species in a specific area Species: –individuals have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring Gene pool: –the total aggregate of genes in a population at any one time Population genetics: –the study of genetic changes in populations “Individuals are selected, but populations evolve.”

6. 6 Hardy-Weinberg Theorem Serves as a model for the genetic structure of a non- evolving population (equilibrium) Gene Pool - Frequency of alleles 5 conditions: 1- Very large population size; 2- No migration; 3- No net mutations; 4- Random mating; 5- No natural selection

7. 7 Hardy-Weinberg Equation p=frequency of one allele (A) q=frequency of the other allele (a) p+q=1.0 (p=1-q & q= 1- p) P2=frequency of AA genotype 2pq=frequency of Aa plus aA genotype q2=frequency of aa genotype p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1.0

8. 8 Microevolution, I A change in the gene pool of a population over a succession of generations 1- Genetic drift: changes in the gene pool of a small population due to chance (usually reduces genetic variability)

9. 9 Genetic Drift The Bottleneck Effect: –type of genetic drift resulting from a reduction in population –(natural disaster) such that the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population

10. 10 Genetic Drift Founder Effect: –a cause of genetic drift attributable to colonization by a limited number of individuals from a parent population

11. 11 Microevolution, IV 2- Gene Flow: genetic exchange due to the migration of fertile individuals or gametes between populations (reduces differences between populations)

12. 12 Microevolution, V 3- Mutations: a change in an organism’s DNA –(gametes; many generations); –original source of genetic variation –(raw material for natural selection)

13. 13 4- Sexual Recombination –Creates a variety of different combinations of genes Microevolution, VI

14. 14 Microevolution, VIII 5- Nonrandom mating: –inbreeding and assortive mating –(both shift frequencies of different genotypes)

15. 15 Microevolution, IX 6- Natural Selection: differential success in reproduction; only form of microevolution that adapts a population to its environment

16. 16 Population variation Polymorphism: coexistence of 2 or more distinct forms of individuals (morphs) within the same population Geographical variation: differences in genetic structure between populations (cline)

17. 17 Variation preservation Prevention of natural selection’s reduction of variation Diploidy - (sexual Recombination) –2nd set of chromosomes hides variation in the heterozygote Balanced polymorphism –1- heterozygote advantage (hybrid vigor; i.e., malaria/sickle- cell anemia); –2- frequency dependent selection (survival & reproduction of any 1 morph declines if it becomes too common; i.e., parasite/host) (relationship dependent)

18. 18 Natural selection Fitness: contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation 3 types: A. Directional (moths) B. Diversifying (favors extremes) C. Stabilizing (favors intermediate)

19. 19 Sexual selection Sexual dimorphism: secondary sex characteristic distinction Sexual selection: selection towards secondary sex characteristics that leads to sexual dimorphism

20. 20 Natural Selection  Perfect Historical Constraints Adaptations are compromises Chance Edit existing variations