1. ISRO’S EXPERIENCES IN SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SHYAMAL MEHTA

2. SATELLITE INSTRUCTIONAL TELEVISION EXPERIMENT (SITE) FIRST MAJOR EXPT. USING SATCOM FOR DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION - 1975-76 RURAL DEVELOPMENT ORIENTED PROGRAMMES : - 4 HOURS, DAILY DIRECT RECEPTION SETS (DRSs) : - 2400 VILLAGES - 6 STATES

4. APPLICATIONS BROADCAST OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT ORIENTED PROGRAMMES PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS’ TRAINING – 40,000 TEACHERS TRAINED

5. SITE IMPACT EVALUATION - MAJOR OBSERVATIONS * IT IS POSSIBLE TO DEPLOY, OPERATE AND MAINTAIN COMMUNITY TV SETS AND DRS EVEN IN REMOTE AREAS OF A COUNTRY, AND THAT TOO WITH AN AVAILABILITY OF 80-90%. *COMMUNITY VIEWING IS POSSIBLE, AND THAT AVERAGE AUDIENCE SIZES OF 80-100 CAN BE EXPECTED. *INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAMMES WERE PREFERRED, IN COMPARISON TO PURE ENTERTAINMENT PROGRAMMES. *SUBSTANTIAL GAINS WERE POSSIBLE IN THE AREAS OF HEALTH, HYGIENE AND NUTRITION.

6. *DESPITE CASE STUDIES OF INNOVATIONS ADOPTED IN AGRICULTURE AS A RESULT OF TV PROGRAMMES, A LARGE SCALE SURVEY DID NOT SHOW STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT GAINS. *COMMUNITY ACCESS TO TV TENDS TO NARROW THE COMMUNICATIONS - EFFECT GAP. *MOST OF THE TEACHERS FELT THAT THE TRAINING WAS USEFUL. *THEY ALSO FOUND THAT TV RATHER THAN RADIO WAS PREFERRED FOR THE TRAINING.

7. DISADVANTAGES OF BROADCAST FOR EDUCATIONAL & TRAINING RECEIVER HAS NO OPPORTUNITY TO INTERACT OR ASK QUESTIONS TO CLARIFY DOUBTS. IT IS EPHEMERAL. BROADCAST ONCE MISSED IS LOST.

8. KHEDA COMMUNICATIONS PROJECT OBJECTIVE – DEVELOPMENT & NOT PROGRAMME PRODUCTION - 1975 – 1989 LIMITED REGIONAL REBROADCAST LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER IN PIJ VILLAGE (KHEDA DISTT./GUJARAT) LINKED TO A STUDIO & EARTH STATION COMPLEX ALLOWED PROGRAMMES FROM STUDIO OR ANY OTHER PROGRAMMES RECEIVED AT EARTH STATION

9. 600 COMMUNITY SETS INSTALLED IN VILLAGES CONTENT GENERATION - ISRO’S RESPONSIBILITY – TOPICS : - AGRICULTURE - HEALTH - ANIMAL HUSBANDRY - UNTOUCHABILITY - WOMEN’S STATUS - CHILDREN’S PROGRAMMES REGULAR FEEDBACK & IMPROVEMENT

10. KHEDA PROJECT IMPACT SIGNIFICANT DIFFRENCES IN AWARENESS IN TV AND NON-TV VILLAGES PERTAINING TO : - HEALTH - DISEASES – SYMPTOMS, PREVENTION - AGRIICULTURE : - SOIL TESTING - SOIL IMPROVEMENT MEASUREMENT - PRECAUTIONS IN BUYING HYBRID SEEDS - PROPER USE OF FERTILIZERS

11. - PLANT PROTECTION MEASURES - SOURCE FOR AGRICULTURAL CREDIT - MINIMUM WAGE STRUCTURES - COOPERATIVE FARMING

12. TRAINING & DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION CHANNEL (TDCC) EXPERIMENT & DEMONSTRATION OF INTERACTIVE TRAINING & EDUCATION - 1995 BROADCAST NOT THE OBJECTIVE ONE WAY VIDEO & TWO WAY AUDIO AUDIO FROM RECEPIENT VIA TELEPHONE LINE HUB ON RECEIVING RECEPIENT’S AUDIO : - RETRANSMITS IT ON SATELLITE CHANNEL - ALL IN THE NETWORK CAN LISTEN TO THE INTERACTION

13. 500 DRSs EXPECTED TO GROW TO ABOUT 1500 – 2000 TEACHING END AT SAC, AHMEDABAD & IGNOU, NEW DELHI, GANDHINAGAR, BHOPAL, MYSORE NEW USERS - HP, ORISSA INTEREST SHOWN BY NER STATES, SIKKIM, WEST BENGAL AND OTHER STATES TEACHING END - CONSISTS OF SMALL STUDIO & EARTH STATION - ORIGINATES PROGRAMMES EITHER : - LIVE LECTURES OR - PRE RECORDED VIDEO PROGRAMMES OR - MIX OF BOTH

15. MAJOR AREAS OF APPLICATION DISTANCE EDUCATION - IGNOU, AIMA FOR DEGREE & DIPLOMA COURSES RURAL DEVELOPMENT- - NGOs FOR CONDUCTIING TRAINING PROGRAMMES IN HEALTHCARE - PANCHAYATI RAJ - WATERSHED MANAGEMENT FOR RURAL AUDIENCES - TRAINING OF RURAL WOMEN UNDER DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN & CHILD IN RURAL AREAS (DWACRA) - PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS & INTEGRATED CHILD DEVELOPMENT SCHEME (ICDS) INDUTRIAL TRAINING - MULTI LOCATION ORGANIZATIONS LIKE - SBI, NPC

16. ADVANTAGES OF TDCC *TRAINING SIMULTANEOUSLY IN THE SHORTEST TIME A LARGE NUMBER OF PEOPLE WHO ARE GEOGRAPHICALLY DISPERSED. *MULTIPLIER EFFECT BY TRAINING OF TRAINERS. *UNIFORMITY OF THE TRAINING CONTENT. *ACCESS TO THE BEST AVAILABLE LEARNING RESOURCES, *REPEATABILITY OF TRAINING COURSES & EDUCATIONAL PACKAGES, EASY UPDATING AND DISSEMINATION.

17. *CAPABILITY TO SHARE THE SAME NETWORK BY DIFFERENT USER GROUPS. *SPECIFIC TOPICS FOR SPECIFIC LOCATIONS FOR SPECIFIC GROUPS ALSO POSSIBLE. *SIGNIFICANT SAVINGS IN EXPENDITURE DUE TO ECONOMIES IN TRAVEL, LOGISTICS AND REPLICATION OF TEACHING INFRASTRUCTURE. *IT CAN EFFECTIVELY SUPPLEMENT CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM OF TRAINING & IN SOME CASES CAN ITSELF BECOME THE MAJOR COMPONENT OF THE TRAINING SYSTEM.

18. TEACHERS' TRAINING - 7 PROGRAMMES OF ABOUT 2 DAYS EACH. TOTAL OF MORE THAN 6900 PARTICIPANTS ATTENDED. - AREAS COVERED INCLUDED SCIENCE TEACHING, DEVELOPMENT OF TEACHING-LEARNING MATERIALS, EDUCATIONAL COORDINATION, GEOGRAPHY TEACHING, ETC. - ON AN AVERAGE 100 QUESTIONS WERE ANSWERED IN EACH PROGRAM. - TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS, PRE-POST ACHIEVEMENT TESTS CONDUCTED AND OBSERVATION & OPINION SCHEDULES ADMINISTERED.

19. - -82 % PARTICIPANTS FOUND THIS METHOD BETTER THAN THE TRADITIONAL METHOD OF TRAINING. - -THIS MODE OF TRAINING FOR OTHER AREAS SUGGESTED - ACHIEVEMENT TESTS INDICATED SIGNIFICANT GAIN IN KNOWLEDGE IN FIVE OUT OF THE NINE THEMES COVERED. - -LISTENING TO QUESTIONS OF FELLOW COLLEAGUES OF OTHER CENTRES AND ANSWERS WAS A THRILLING EXPERIENCE FOR MOST OF THE PARTICIPANTS. - PARTICIPANTS FOUND THE PROGRAMME MORE INTERACTIVE, INTERESTING & EFFECTIVE COMPARED TO TRADITIONAL MODE. SUGGESTED EXTENDING IT TO OTHER SUBJECTS

20. - -IN THE TRAINING PROGRAMME OF MP : - OVER 1800 PARTICIPANTS - AN AVERAGE 100 QUESTIONS RECEIVED DAILY ON TELEPHONE - A TOTAL 2000 QUESTIONS WERE RECEIVED ON FAX IN 3 DAYS. - -IN GOA, FOR A 10-DAY PROGRAMME : - ATTENDANCE WAS 45 TO 150 PER RECEIVE CENTRE - 10 TO 25 QUESTIONS PER SESSION.

21. JHABUA DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATIONS PROJECT (JDCP) COMBINES SATELLITE BROADCASTING & INTERACTIVE TRAINING – 1996 ONWARDS TARGET AREA – - JHABUA DISTRICT - ONE OF THE MOST BACKWARD AREAS IN INDIA - 85 % TRIBAL POPULATION - 14% LITERACY APPLICATIONS – - EDUCATION - HEALTH - AGRICULTURE - PANCHAYATI RAJ - FORESTRY

22. PHASE – I - 150 VILLAGES - DRS - 12 BLOCKS – TALK BACK TERMINALS PHASE – II - 200 DRS & 7 TALK BACK TERMINALS EACH IN ADJOINING DHAR & BIDWANI DISTRICTS BROADCAST OF DEVELOPMENT ORIENTED PROGRAMMES TRAINING PROGRAMMES FOR : - VILLAGE/BLOCK LEVEL FUNCTIONARIES LIKE : - TEACHERS - ANGANWADI WORKERS - JOINT FOREST MANAGEMENT COMMITTEES - PANCHAYATI KARMIS