1. Piranha: A Scalable Architecture Based on Single-Chip Multiprocessing Barroso, Gharachorloo, McNamara, et. Al Proceedings of the 27 th Annual ISCA, June 2000 Presented by Garver Moore ECE259 Spring 2006 Professor Daniel Sorin

2. Motivation Economic: High demand for OLTP machines Disconnect between ILP-focus and this demand OLTP --High memory latency -- Little ILP (Get, process, store) --Large TLP OLTP unserved by aggressive ILP machines Use “old” cores, ASIC design methodology for “glueless,” scalable OLTP machines and low development costs and time to market Amdahl’s Law

3. The Piranha Processing Node* *Directly from Barroso et. al Separate I/D L1 for each CPU Logically shared interleaved L2 cache. Eight memory controllers interface to a bank of up to 32 Rambus DRAM chips. Aggregate max bandwidth of 12.8 GB/sec. 180 nm process (2000) Almost entirely ASIC design 50% clock speed, 200% area versus full-custom methodology CPU: Alpha ECE152 work Single in-order 8-stage pipeline

4. Communication Assist + Home Engine and Remote Engine support shared memory across multiple nodes + System Control tackles system miscellany: interrupts, exceptions, init, monitoring, etc. + OQ, Router, IQ, Switch standard +Total inter-node I/O Bandwidth : 32 GB/sec + Each link and block here corresponds to actual wiring and module. + This allows for rapid parallel development and an semi-custom design methodology + Also facilitates multiple clock domains THERE IS NO INHERENT I/O CAPABILITY.

5. I/O Organization + Smaller than processing node + Router  2 links, alleviates need for routing table + Memory is globally visible and part of coherency scheme + CPU  optimized placement for drivers, translations etc. with low-latency access needs to I/O. + Re-used dL1 design provides interface to PCI/X interface + Supports arbitrary I/O:P ratio, network topology + Glueless scaling up to 1024 nodes of any type supports application specific customization

6. Coherence: Local + L2 bank and associated controller contains directory data for intra-chip requests – Centralized directory + Chip ICS responsible for all on-chip communication + L2 is “non-inclusive”. + “Large victim buffer” for L1s. Keeps tags and state copies of L1 data + The L2 controller can determine whether data is cached remotely, and if exclusively. Majority of L1 requests then require no CA assist. + L2 on request can service directly, forward to owner L1, forward to protocol engine, or get from memory. +L2 on forwards blocks conflicting requests

7. Coherence: Global Trades ECC granularity for “free” directory data storage (4x granularity  leaves 44 bits per 64 bit line) Invalidation-based distributed directory protocol Some optimizations No NACKing: Deadlock avoidance through I/O, L, H priority virtual lanes: L: Home node, low priority. H: Forwarded requests, replies Also guarantee forwards always serviced by targets: e.g. owner writes back to home, holds data until home acknowledges. Removes NACK/Retry traffic, as well as “ownership change” (DASH), retry-counts (Origin), “No, seriously” (Token). Routing toward empty buffers for old messages  linear buffer dependence on N. Share buffer space among lanes, and “CMI” invalidations avoid deadlock.

8. Evaluation Methodology Admittedly favorable OLTP benchmarks chosen (TPC-B and TPC-D modifications) Simulated and compared to performance of aggressive OOO core (Alpha 21364) with integrated coherence and cache hardware “Fudged” for full-custom effect Four evaluations: P1 (One-core Piranha @ 500MHz), INO (1GHz single-issue in-order aggressive core), OOO (4-issue 1GHz) and P8 (Spec. system)

9. Results

10. Questions/Discussion Deadlock avoidance w/o NACK CMP vs SMP “Fishy” evaluation methodology? Specialized computing Buildability?