1. Cash flow statement & Break Even Analysis

2. A statement of cash flows is a financial statement which summarizes cash transactions of a business during a given accounting period. It shows how cash moved during the period by indicating whether a particular line item is a cash in- flow or a cash out-flow. The term cash as used in the statement of cash flows refers to both cash and cash equivalents. Cash flow statement provides relevant information in assessing a company's liquidity, quality of earnings and solvency.

3. Sections: As stated above, a statement of cash flows comprises of three sections: Cash Flows from Operating Activities: This section includes cash flows from the principal revenue generation activities such as sale and purchase of goods and services. Cash flows from operating activities can be computed using two methods. Cash Flows from Investing Activities: These are cash in-flows and out-flows related to activities that are intended to generate income and cash flows in future. This includes cash in-flows and out-flows from sale and purchase of long term assets. Cash Flows from Financing Activities: These are the cash flows related to transactions with stockholders and creditors such as issuance of share capital, purchase of treasury stock, dividend payments etc.

4. SO 2 Distinguish among operating, investing, and financing activities. Classification of Cash Flows

5. Company A Inc. Cash Flow Statement For the the year ended …….. PARTICULARSAMOUNT CASH FLOW FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES operating income (EBIT)XXX depriciation ExpenseXXX loss on sale of equipmentXXX gain on sale of land(-)XXX increase in accounts receivables(-)XXX decrease in prepaid expensesXXX decrease in accounts payable(-)XXX decrease in accrued expenses(-)XXX NET CASH FLOW FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIESXXX 1 CASH FLOW FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES sale of equipmentXXX sale of landXXX purcahse of equipment(-)XXX NET CASH FLOW FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIESXXX2 CASH FLOW FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES payment of dividends(-)XXX payment of bond payable(-)XXX NET CASH FLOW FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIESXXX3 (XXX1 + XXX2 + XXX3)NET CHANGE IN CASHXXX4 BEGINNING CASH BALANCEXXX5 ENDING CASH BALANCEXXX6

6. BREAK EVEN ANALYSIS

7. Break Even Analysis is a useful technique for determining how many units must be sold or how much sales volume must be achieved in order to break even The break even sales point indicates to the entrepreneur the volume of sales needed to cover total variable and fixed expenses Sales in exceed of the break-even point will result in a profit as long as the selling price remains above the costs necessary to produce each unit (variable cost) TFC BREAK EVEN B/E (Q) = -------------------------------------------- SP-VC / UNIT (marginal contribution)

8. The major weakness in calculating the break even lies in determining whether a cost is fixed or variable However, it is reasonable to expect such costs as depreciation, salaries and wages, rent and insurance to be fixed. Materials, selling expenses such as commissions, and direct labor are most likely to be variable costs The variable cost per unit can usually be determined by allocating the direct labor, materials and other expenses that are incurred with the production of a single unit

9. EXAMPLE If we determine that the firm has fixed costs of $250000, variable cost per unit of $4.50, and selling price of $10.00, the break even will be: TFC B/E = ---------------------------------- SP - VC per unit $ 250000 = ------------------------- $ 10.00 - $4.50 per unit 250000 = ---------------- = 45,454 units 5.50

10. Any units before 45,454 that are sold by the above firm will result in a profit of $ 5.50 per unit. Sales below 45,454 units will result in a loss to firm. The unique aspect of break even is that it can be graphically displayed. In addition, entrepreneur can try different states of nature (e.g. different selling prices, different fixed costs and/or variable costs) to ascertain the impact on break even and subsequent profits. B/E TR AT $10 TL FL 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 (UNITS 000s)