1. Bureaucracy and Democracy (Cont’d) January 17 th, 2005

2. Liberal Democracy and Bureaucracy confluence confluence bureaucracy is good in that it emphasis impartiality (over participation) bureaucracy is good in that it emphasis impartiality (over participation) dissonance dissonance danger is if bureaucracy becomes too powerful and threatens individual rights danger is if bureaucracy becomes too powerful and threatens individual rights –“Big Brother”

3. Elite Democracy and Bureaucracy confluence confluence top-down and hierarchical nature of bureaucracy is good top-down and hierarchical nature of bureaucracy is good effective mechanism to pursue the general welfare effective mechanism to pursue the general welfare dissonance dissonance danger if bureaucracy becomes too powerful and undermines competition among elected/political elites danger if bureaucracy becomes too powerful and undermines competition among elected/political elites –e.g. development of a permanent non-elected bureaucratic elite making decisions –ultimately decisions must be ratified by elected elites

4. Participatory Democracy and Bureaucracy confluence confluence effective mechanism to pursue the general welfare effective mechanism to pursue the general welfare e.g. to put into effect the will of the majority e.g. to put into effect the will of the majority dissonance dissonance top-down hierarchical nature of bureaucracy is bad top-down hierarchical nature of bureaucracy is bad excessive focus on impartiality (over participation) excessive focus on impartiality (over participation)

5. Main Messages!! bureaucracy and democracy bureaucracy and democracy – relationship with democracy is paradoxical (but in different ways depending on model of democracy) in tension with all models of democracy in tension with all models of democracy extent of paradox depends on the model of democracy in question extent of paradox depends on the model of democracy in question – range bureaucratic model fits well with ideal model of democracy (elite democracy) bureaucratic model fits well with ideal model of democracy (elite democracy) bureaucratic model has inherent characteristics that fit with democracy but also poses threat to individual rights (liberal democracy) bureaucratic model has inherent characteristics that fit with democracy but also poses threat to individual rights (liberal democracy) bureaucracy is a necessarily evil (participatory democracy) bureaucracy is a necessarily evil (participatory democracy) – the paradoxical relationship generates a number of imperatives for each democratic model in designing and managing bureaucracy...

6. Liberal Democracy and Bureaucracy confluence confluence bureaucracy is good in that it emphasis impartiality (over participation) bureaucracy is good in that it emphasis impartiality (over participation) dissonance dissonance danger is if bureaucracy becomes too powerful and threatens individual rights danger is if bureaucracy becomes too powerful and threatens individual rights –“Big Brother”

7. Liberal Democracy and Bureaucracy confluence confluence bureaucracy is good in that it emphasis impartiality (over participation) bureaucracy is good in that it emphasis impartiality (over participation) dissonance dissonance danger is if bureaucracy becomes too powerful and threatens individual rights danger is if bureaucracy becomes too powerful and threatens individual rights –“Big Brother” imperative imperative make sure that bureaucracy is tightly constrained (e.g. tight rules) make sure that bureaucracy is tightly constrained (e.g. tight rules)

8. Liberal Democracy and Bureaucracy confluence confluence bureaucracy is good in that it emphasis impartiality (over participation) bureaucracy is good in that it emphasis impartiality (over participation) dissonance dissonance danger is if bureaucracy becomes too powerful and threatens individual rights danger is if bureaucracy becomes too powerful and threatens individual rights –“Big Brother” imperative imperative make sure that bureaucracy is tightly constrained (e.g. tight rules) make sure that bureaucracy is tightly constrained (e.g. tight rules) subject to individual rights protection (e.g. Charter, privacy protection, FOI, etc.) subject to individual rights protection (e.g. Charter, privacy protection, FOI, etc.)

9. Elite Democracy and Bureaucracy confluence confluence top-down and hierarchical nature of bureaucracy is good top-down and hierarchical nature of bureaucracy is good effective mechanism to pursue the general welfare effective mechanism to pursue the general welfare dissonance dissonance danger if bureaucracy becomes too powerful and undermines competition among elected/political elites danger if bureaucracy becomes too powerful and undermines competition among elected/political elites –e.g. development of a permanent non-elected bureaucratic elite making decisions –ultimately decisions must be ratified by elected elites

10. Elite Democracy and Bureaucracy confluence confluence top-down and hierarchical nature of bureaucracy is good top-down and hierarchical nature of bureaucracy is good effective mechanism to pursue the general welfare effective mechanism to pursue the general welfare dissonance dissonance danger if bureaucracy becomes too powerful and undermines competition among elected/political elites danger if bureaucracy becomes too powerful and undermines competition among elected/political elites –e.g. development of a permanent non-elected bureaucratic elite making decisions –ultimately decisions must be ratified by elected elites imperative imperative ensure that elected elites can be reasonably held accountable for decisions ensure that elected elites can be reasonably held accountable for decisions

11. Elite Democracy and Bureaucracy confluence confluence top-down and hierarchical nature of bureaucracy is good top-down and hierarchical nature of bureaucracy is good effective mechanism to pursue the general welfare effective mechanism to pursue the general welfare dissonance dissonance danger if bureaucracy becomes too powerful and undermines competition among elected/political elites danger if bureaucracy becomes too powerful and undermines competition among elected/political elites –e.g. development of a permanent non-elected bureaucratic elite making decisions –ultimately decisions must be ratified by elected elites imperative imperative ensure that elected elites can be reasonably held accountable for decisions ensure that elected elites can be reasonably held accountable for decisions ensure bureaucracy with high level of professionalism, merit and commitment to public service (while ensuring that they have adequate scope to expercise these capacities) ensure bureaucracy with high level of professionalism, merit and commitment to public service (while ensuring that they have adequate scope to expercise these capacities)

12. Participatory Democracy and Bureaucracy confluence confluence effective mechanism to pursue the general welfare effective mechanism to pursue the general welfare –e.g. to put into effect the will of the majority dissonance dissonance top-down hierarchical nature of bureaucracy is bad top-down hierarchical nature of bureaucracy is bad excessive focus on impartiality (over participation) is bad excessive focus on impartiality (over participation) is bad

13. Participatory Democracy and Bureaucracy confluence confluence effective mechanism to pursue the general welfare effective mechanism to pursue the general welfare –e.g. to put into effect the will of the majority dissonance dissonance top-down hierarchical nature of bureaucracy is bad top-down hierarchical nature of bureaucracy is bad excessive focus on impartiality (over participation) is bad excessive focus on impartiality (over participation) is bad imperative imperative ensure that bureaucracy is representative of the population ensure that bureaucracy is representative of the population

14. Participatory Democracy and Bureaucracy confluence confluence effective mechanism to pursue the general welfare effective mechanism to pursue the general welfare –e.g. to put into effect the will of the majority dissonance dissonance top-down hierarchical nature of bureaucracy is bad top-down hierarchical nature of bureaucracy is bad excessive focus on impartiality (over participation) is bad excessive focus on impartiality (over participation) is bad imperative imperative ensure that bureaucracy is representative of the population ensure that bureaucracy is representative of the population provide opportunities for democratic participation (e.g. consultations, citizen input, bottom-up initiatives) provide opportunities for democratic participation (e.g. consultations, citizen input, bottom-up initiatives)

15. Participatory Democracy and Bureaucracy confluence confluence effective mechanism to pursue the general welfare effective mechanism to pursue the general welfare –e.g. to put into effect the will of the majority dissonance dissonance top-down hierarchical nature of bureaucracy is bad top-down hierarchical nature of bureaucracy is bad excessive focus on impartiality (over participation) is bad excessive focus on impartiality (over participation) is bad imperative imperative ensure that bureaucracy is representative of the population ensure that bureaucracy is representative of the population provide opportunities for democratic participation (e.g. consultations, citizen input, bottom-up initiatives) provide opportunities for democratic participation (e.g. consultations, citizen input, bottom-up initiatives) ensure accessibility and transparency ensure accessibility and transparency

16. Public Administration in Canada... the structure of the Canadian bureaucracy (and its interface with elected officials) represents a particular response to these various concerns and imperatives!! the structure of the Canadian bureaucracy (and its interface with elected officials) represents a particular response to these various concerns and imperatives!! What is that response??? What is that response???

17. Part II: The Structure of Bureaucracy and the Canadian Political System The Political-Bureaucratic Interface

18. Cabinet Government what is it? what is it? – collective sharing of executive power how is the structure of cabinet government determined? how is the structure of cabinet government determined? – the Prime Minister who becomes PM? who becomes PM? – prerogatives of the Prime Minister (vis-a-vis cabinet) size and structure of cabinet size and structure of cabinet departmental organization departmental organization cabinet committee structure cabinet committee structure appointments to cabinet appointments to cabinet cabinet agenda cabinet agenda cabinet decisions cabinet decisions

19. Principles/Roles/Actors in Cabinet Government relationships NOT roles relationships NOT roles not generally legally prescribed not generally legally prescribed considerable room for manoeuvre considerable room for manoeuvre organic link between different relationships organic link between different relationships nature of any given relationship has implications for the nature of other relationships nature of any given relationship has implications for the nature of other relationships change in any one set of relationships implies changes in other sets of relationships change in any one set of relationships implies changes in other sets of relationships relationships are based on tradition but also on continuing acceptance of the obligations/rights inherent in them relationships are based on tradition but also on continuing acceptance of the obligations/rights inherent in them implicit bargains implicit bargains

20. Centralized Accountability: Collective Ministerial Responsibility what is “responsible government”? what is “responsible government”? – the executive must maintain the confidence of Parliament what is collective ministerial responsibility? what is collective ministerial responsibility? – all ministers must resign if the cabinet loses the confidence of Parliament what constitutes having the confidence of Parliament? what constitutes having the confidence of Parliament? – what pre-conditions would the operation of collective cabinet ministerial responsibility require?

21. Centralized Accountability: Collective Ministerial Responsibility requirements (enforced by PM) requirements (enforced by PM) – cabinet solidarity – cabinet secrecy cabinet documents exempt from Freedom of Information cabinet documents exempt from Freedom of Information the problem of leaks the problem of leaks why would cabinet ministers agree? why would cabinet ministers agree? price of being in cabinet price of being in cabinet collective self-interest collective self-interest

22. Diffuse Accountability: Individual Ministerial Responsibility what is individual ministerial responsibility? what is individual ministerial responsibility?

26. Diffuse Accountability: Individual Ministerial Responsibility what is individual ministerial responsibility? what is individual ministerial responsibility? – do ministers typically resign for errors committed in their department? no...not if they can help it!! no...not if they can help it!! why not? why not? – minister is answerable publicly (to parliament) for the actions of their department regardless of whether the minister was in charge at the time a problem occurred regardless of whether the minister was in charge at the time a problem occurred ministers are responsible for correcting problems within their department ministers are responsible for correcting problems within their department

29. Diffuse Accountability: Individual Ministerial Responsibility why would individuals agree to accept this role? why would individuals agree to accept this role? – price for exercising power

30. Centralized Accountability (Collective Ministerial Responsibility) and Diffuse Accountability (Individual Ministerial Responsibility) the individual minister and cabinet the individual minister and cabinet collective vs. individual ministerial paradox collective vs. individual ministerial paradox –ministers interest in maximizing their own latitude from cabinet control –ministers interested in maximizing cabinet’s ability to direct other ministries the conundrum of cabinet solidarity/cabinet secrecy and individual ministerial responsibility the conundrum of cabinet solidarity/cabinet secrecy and individual ministerial responsibility cabinet/departmental link cabinet/departmental link minister represents department in cabinet minister represents department in cabinet minister represents cabinet to the department minister represents cabinet to the department

31. The Structure of Government: Centralized and Diffuse Accountability Prime Ministerial/Cabinet government is an attempt to ensure political control... Prime Ministerial/Cabinet government is an attempt to ensure political control... – over the centre of government (Prime Minister) – over individual departments (Ministers) structure of government is an attempt to balance between collective ministerial responsibility (centralized accountability) and individual ministerial responsibility (diffuse accountability) structure of government is an attempt to balance between collective ministerial responsibility (centralized accountability) and individual ministerial responsibility (diffuse accountability)

32. The Structure of Government: The Balance of Centralized and Diffuse Accountability cabinet structure and operation cabinet structure and operation cabinet structure and operation cabinet structure and operation – size 30 ministers with portfolio 30 ministers with portfolio 6 ministers of state 6 ministers of state – cabinet committees cabinet committees cabinet committees importance and number importance and number central agencies vs. line departments central agencies vs. line departments – line departments – e.g. HRSDC, DFO, Agriculture – central agencies – PCO, PMO, Finance, Treasury Board role of the Deputy Minister role of the Deputy Minister – technically accountable to minister – appointed by PM receives direction from PCO receives direction from PCO

33. Individual Ministerial Responsibility – Shaping the Political/Bureaucratic Relationship the individual minister demands from their senior bureaucrats... the individual minister demands from their senior bureaucrats... loyalty in service loyalty in service honesty in advice honesty in advice refrain from public comment refrain from public comment = public service neutrality

34. Individual Ministerial Responsibility – Shaping the Political/Bureaucratic Relationship the senior bureaucrats agree to public service neutrality in exchange for... the senior bureaucrats agree to public service neutrality in exchange for... official anonymity official anonymity promotion based on merit promotion based on merit security of tenure security of tenure