1. To Cognize is to Categorize: Cognition is Categorization To categorize is to do the right thing with the right kind of thing

2. Innate Categories Evolved categories

3. Color Categorical Perception

4. Most of our categories are learned. Open a dictionary. Learned Categories

5. Trial-and-Error Learning with corrective feedback

6. Learned Categorical Perception (CP) Pevtzow, R. & Harnad, S. (1997)

7. ERP activity changes during the course of learning Upper: learners Lower: non-learners Post-learning minus pre-learning 200-500 msec 500-800 msec Upper: learners Lower: non-learners Fath-el Bab (2001)

8. St, Louis & Harnad 2007 Texture category learning Late ERP positivity in learners (only) All learning explicit Late positivity can be induced by telling rule

9. Sensorimotor Invariants Tijsseling & Harnad 1997

10. Implicit and Explicit Learning of Artificial Grammars Martina Johnson (2006) Classical Artificial Grammars are too hard to learn with corrective feedback Grammars easy enough to learn are learned explicitly EASY MEDIUM HARD 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% % Correct

11. The Libet Effect: Implicit premotor potential precedes conscious willing of movement

12. The Chinese-Chinese Dictionary and the Symbol Grounding Problem

13. Symbolic Theft and Language Evolution A New Way To Acquire Categories Cangelosi & Harnad 2002

14. Acquiring Categories Through Definition and Description ZEBRA = HORSE + STRIPES

15. Mapping definitional structure in the dictionary

16. Our Category Commons Open Access to Scholarly and Scientific Research on the Web