1. Migration & Industrialization 1860s-1900 Chapter 13, 14, 15

2. Great Plains Indians OsageSioux CheyenneIowa 13.1

3. Great Plains Indians 1800:Hunters dependent on wildlife… buffalo Used all parts of the buffaloUsed all parts of the buffalo 1885: 1,000 buffalo remain1885: 1,000 buffalo remain 13.1

4. Why Americans push west How did the following events push Americans west? 1840s: Manifest Destiny 1850s: Gold and silver rush 1862: Homestead Act: –Gov’t offers 160 acres if: Pay $30 Work the land for 5 years 1869: Transcontinental railroad 13.1

6. Attempted peace w/ Indians 1830s-1850s: Gov’t makes treaties with natives that lead to reservations 1879: Schools to Americanize the Native American children develop –Creates internal conflict in children 1887: Dawes Act…forced Natives to assimilate by breaking up the reservations 13.1

7. 1868-1890 Indian wars 1864: Colorado militia massacre 200+ women and children at Sand Creek, CO 1866: 81 soldiers & settlers killed in Fetterman Massacre 1874: Sitting Bull & Crazy Horse destroy Custer’s command at Little Big Horn 1890: Sitting Bull is killed while being arrested; 300 unarmed Native Americans were killed at the Battle of Wounded Knee 13.1

8. Homesteader Problems 1860s-1870s Deflation –increased value of the dollar; decreased price of goods…farmers lost money High costs of transportation of goods Farmers in financial crisis 13.4

9. The Grange 1860s-1880s Organization seeking to help the farmers Called for: 1.Make money “cheaper” (inflation) to make prices of crops rise and debts easier to pay 2.Government regulation of railroad industry Leads to the political Populist movement in 1890s 13.4

10. Populist movement Goals: Inflation Increased income tax for higher incomes 8-hour work day Direct election of U.S. Senators Term limits for U.S. President Result: won many elections in 1892; ideas become part of Democratic party 13.4

11. Panic of 1893 1893 Economic depression because people were overextended on loans Leads to an increase in populism Increased call for bimetallism (basing money on both gold and silver)…why? More metal=more money=high prices=richer farmers 13.4

12. End of Populism 1896 Populists join with Democrats; favor inflation & bimetallism –Nominate William Jennings Bryan Republicans nominate William McKinley Republicans win because: –East Coast & Cities (higher population) oppose populist ideas…why? 13.4

13. Fueled by:  A rise in the mining; steel; and railroad industries  Social Darwinism  Unregulated competition ensures the survival of the fittest  New American work ethic:  “Rags to riches” 14.3

14.  Scottish immigrant; found Carnegie steel in 1889  Secret to Success: 1. Always looked for new techniques to improve products 2. Hire the best employees 3. Vertical integration:  buy out suppliers 4. Horizontal consolidation:  buy out competition 14.3

15.  Sold his company for $480 million  Became a philanthropist  gave away over $350 million 14.3

16.  Companies often formed:  An Oligopoly…ex? John D. Rockefeller and the robber barons  A Monopoly…J.P. Morgan and U.S. steel 14.3

17.  1870: Founded the Standard Oil Company  1890: Controlled 90% of the oil business  Offered lower prices to drive out competition  Raised prices after competition quit  1911: Forced to break up the company because it was a monopoly  Became a philanthropist  gave away over $500 million 14.3

18. 1890: Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act  Any attempt to interfere with free trade by forming a trust would be illegal  Made monopolies illegal  Difficult to enforce…trust was to vague 14.3

19.  Urbanization  1850: 3.5 million in urban areas  1900: 30.2 million in urban areas  People had to live in small cramped apartments (tenements)  Often with little running water, no sanitation  Poor housing led to an increase in disease 14.4

21. Baltimore 1850

22. Baltimore 1910

23.  Poor working conditions…16 hour shifts & little pay  Dangerous machines that caused injury or death  Toxic materials caused many diseases  Women & children were excellent employees 14.4

25. Rise of Unions 1866: National Labor Union (NLU) becomes first national organized unionNational Labor Union (NLU) becomes first national organized union –CNLU forms as a branch of NLU for African-Americans 1868: NLU gets Congress to regulate an 8-hr work dayNLU gets Congress to regulate an 8-hr work day1886: Samuel Gompers helps to form the American Federation of Labor (AFL)Samuel Gompers helps to form the American Federation of Labor (AFL) 14.4

26. Rise of Unions 1894 Eugene V. Debs helps to create the American Railway Union (ARU)Eugene V. Debs helps to create the American Railway Union (ARU)1903 Teamsters formed as a craft union dedicated to delivery driversTeamsters formed as a craft union dedicated to delivery drivers1905 Industrial Workers of the World formed but failed because of its association with SocialismIndustrial Workers of the World formed but failed because of its association with Socialism 14.4

27. The Power of unions MembershipMembership –1875: less than 1000 in American Unions –1905: more than 2 million in American Unions Arbitration and strikes were used to solve disagreements between employers and employeesArbitration and strikes were used to solve disagreements between employers and employees Famous strikes:Famous strikes: Great Strike of 1877 Homestead Strike Pullman Strike 14.4