1. Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records: FRBR and Millennium
Claudia Conrad
Product Manager

2. FRBR “Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records”
Pronounced “fur-bur” or “eff are bee are”
Outcome of an IFLA study, approved in 1997
Study’s aim was to “produce a framework that would provide a clear, precisely stated, and commonly shared understanding of what it is that the bibliographic record aims to provide information about, and what it is that we expect the record to achieve in terms of answering user needs”
(or Google: frbr +ifla)

3. FRBR is… A “conceptual model”
Intended to relate the attributes and relationships of bibliographic records in respect to the tasks that users perform
An attempt to recommend a set of minimum data requirements that would provide a basic level of functionality based on user needs

4. FRBR is not… A standard Intended to replace AACR2
An alternative to MARC21 or any other MARC format

5. Basic User Tasks Find materials using search criteria
Identify an entity as being the desired object
Select an entity that is appropriate to their needs
Obtain the entity (or access to it)

6. FRBR Entities Group 1 (WEMI): what is described by the record
Work - distinct intellectual or artistic creation (e.g., Shakespeare’s Hamlet)
Expression - intellectual or artistic realization of a work (e.g., video recording of a performance or an English language text version of Shakespeare’s Hamlet)
Manifestation - physical embodiment of an expression of a work (e.g., the video recording of a performance of Shakespeare’s Hamlet released by Columbia Pictures in 1997)
Item - single exemplar of a manifestation (the physical piece with a barcode attached to it)
Group 2: who is responsible for the creation, production, etc. of the entity (individuals and corporate bodies)
Group 3: the subjects of the entity (concept, object, event, and place)

7. Group 1 Entities Nature of the entities Relationship between entities
The intellectual or artistic content are reflected in the work and expression
The physical form is defined in the manifestation and item
Relationship between entities
A work may be realized through one or more than one expression
An expression is the realization of one and only one work
An expression may be embodied in one or more than one manifestation; likewise a manifestation may embody one or more than one expression
A manifestation, in turn, may be exemplified by one or more than one item

8. Work Expression Manifestation Item Expression Manifestation Item
Group 1 Relationships
Work
Expression
Manifestation
Item
Realized through
Expression
Embodied in
Manifestation
Exemplified by
Item

9. Group 2 & 3 Entities
FRANAR (FRAR?): Functional Requirements and Numbering of Authority Records
Group 2
Authority records for names (persons, families, corporate bodies), titles and name-titles
Group 3
Authority records for subjects (concept, object, event, place)

10. Possible Approaches
Split bibliographic records into 3 separate records (work record, expression record, manifestation record)
Not defined by MARC standard
Implications for record loading and output
Whole new way of thinking for cataloging staff?
Add data to existing records to define which the data comprising Group 1 entities (work, expression)
Less disruptive to cataloging staff?

11. Innovative Solution
Automatically build “keys” that define the group one entities appropriate to a bibliographic record
Web OPAC will provide FRBR access via keys
Millennium will automatically create keys in bib records
Using OCLC’s FRBR Work-Set Algorithm as a starting point
Future development may include a more complex linked records approach

12. Group 1 Key Work Keys also built for analytical entries
Author: 100, 110 or 111 (author subfields only)
Title: 130, 240, 243 or 245 (title subfields only)
Date of work: 130, 240, 243 or 245 (subfields d, f)
Form of work: 130, 240, 243 or 245 (subfield k)
Other distinguishing characteristics: 130, 240 or 243 (subfield s)
Medium of performance: 130, 240 or 243 (subfield m)
Key for music: 130 or 240 or 243 subfield r  
Coordinates: 255 subfield c
Keys also built for analytical entries
Some elements may be blank

13. Group 1 Key, continued Expression 1-8. Work key
Form of expression: leader byte 06
Language of expression: 130, 240 or
243 subfield l or 008/35-37
Other distinguishing characteristic: 130 or 240 or subfield o, or 245 subfield s
Type of score: 254 subfield a
Scale: 255 subfield a

14. What about the Manifestation?
A key is not built: the balance of the record is considered to be manifestation data

15. What about the Manifestation?
A key is not built: the balance of the record is considered to be manifestation data
What about Items?
The items are still stored as attached records

16. Highly “FRBR-izable” Popular fiction Classic literature Music
Things with a uniform title
Studies show 15-20% of bib records in library catalogs are FRBR-izable

17. Example Keys LEADER #####ncm 22##### a 4500
s nyuopc n eng
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus,|d
Zauberflöte
The magic flute =|bDie Zauberflöte : an opera in two acts /|cmusic by W.A. Mozart ; the original text by Emanuel Schikaneder and Carl Ludwig Giesecke ; English translation by Earl Snow.
Work Key: mozartwolfgangamadeus |zauberflote|||||||
Expression Key: mozartwolfgangamadeus |zauberflote|||||||c|eng|

18. Example Keys LEADER #####njm 22#####I 4500
s gw opnn dh n 0 germ
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus,|d
Zauberflöte.|lGerman
Die Zauberflöte;|bOper in zwei Aufzügen
Work Key: mozartwolfgangamadeus |zauberflote|||||||
Expression Key: mozartwolfgangamadeus |zauberflote|||||||j|ger|

19. Web OPAC and Millennium Clients
Provide a logical grouping of bibliographic records that would allow users to target the desired entity more quickly and easily
Search for author “Mozart, Wolfgang” would include a FRBR entry for Zauberflöte in the results

20. Standard browse

21. FRBR tree view

22. Standard Web OPAC

23. Web OPAC with FRBR

24. Bib (manifestation) with FRBR map

25. Current FRBR Projects OCLC’s FictionFinder OCLC’s xISBN
OCLC’s xISBN
RLG’s RedLight Green

26. Challenges? Cataloging workload and thought process Record Sharing
Currently, the manifestation is cataloged as a whole
Record Sharing
How to go back and FRBR-ize existing records in system?
Not all records benefit from FRBR
FRBR is appropriate for different works in different libraries
A work may become a good FRBR candidate long after initially cataloged
Superworks
Works that have been adapted multiple times (e.g., Romeo and Juliet)

27. Planned availability: Release 2005

28. Committee Participation: Vendor Liaison to the Joint Steering Committee for Revision of Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules' Format Variation Working Group (JSCfRoAACRFVWG for short)

29. Claudia Conrad Product Manager
Thank you!
Claudia Conrad
Product Manager