1. The American Revolution 1776 - 1783

2. British Army - Advantages Strongest navy Strongest navy Wealth (surplus of weapons) Wealth (surplus of weapons) Outnumbered Patriots 4-1 Outnumbered Patriots 4-1 Loyalist support in colonies Loyalist support in colonies

3. American Army - Advantages Knowledge of terrain Knowledge of terrain Psychological advantage Psychological advantage Quick access to supplies Quick access to supplies Foreign allies Foreign allies Guerrilla Warfare Guerrilla Warfare

4. Early Battles Early battles involved small forces (Lexington & Concord, Bunker Hill)‏ Early battles involved small forces (Lexington & Concord, Bunker Hill)‏ No decisive victories for Britain No decisive victories for Britain

5. Britain’s Plan for Victory Storm America Storm America Capture New York harbor Capture New York harbor 32,000 troops sent in summer 1776 32,000 troops sent in summer 1776 Hired German mercenaries, called Hessians Hired German mercenaries, called Hessians

6. Battle of Long Island

7. NY holds strategic importance NY holds strategic importance Largest invasion in US history Largest invasion in US history US unprepared US unprepared Britain captures NY ; burns Britain captures NY ; burns

8. American Hopes Crushed Low morale Low morale Low numbers (deserters) Low numbers (deserters) Few supplies Few supplies Forced to retreat & evacuate NY Forced to retreat & evacuate NY

9. Enter: Thomas Paine! “The Crisis” “The Crisis” “the harder the conflict, the more glorious the victory” “the harder the conflict, the more glorious the victory” Washington distributes amongst troops Washington distributes amongst troops Cause is NOT lost Cause is NOT lost

10. Trenton & Princeton On Christmas Night 1776, Washington leadsOn Christmas Night 1776, Washington leads 2,400 troops cross the Delaware River 2,400 troops cross the Delaware River Capture 900 Hessians in TrentonCapture 900 Hessians in Trenton Drive away British forces in PrincetonDrive away British forces in Princeton Morale boost; symbolic victoryMorale boost; symbolic victory A British soldier in the American’s custodyA British soldier in the American’s custody wrote, “They are all liberty mad again.” wrote, “They are all liberty mad again.”

11. Americans Cross the Delaware

12. Ask the Class.... If you were a British General, what plans would you initiate after the losses of Trenton & Princeton? What areas could you attack that would hurt the Americans the most? Split into groups and discuss your plans with your other ‘Generals.’ Formulate a final plan for victory that will be presented to the class.

13. British Plan for Victory: Version 2.0 Why does Britain need a new plan?? Why does Britain need a new plan?? Britain’s Plan: Separate New England from the Middle & Southern Colonies. Britain’s Plan: Separate New England from the Middle & Southern Colonies. WHY? WHY?

14. Britain’s Plan – Basics Capture Albany, New York Capture Albany, New York Control Hudson River Control Hudson River This will separate New England from the rest of the colonies This will separate New England from the rest of the colonies Divide & Conquer method Divide & Conquer method Blame New England; minimal punishment for other colonies Blame New England; minimal punishment for other colonies 3-Way Attack on Albany 3-Way Attack on Albany

15. Mapping Britain’s Plan

16. xxx xxxx x June-October 1777 British Plans

17. Battle of Saratoga 1.) Burgoyne stopped short of Albany 2.) Howe is in PA; unable to mobilize in time 3.) St. Leger defeated by Green Mtn. Boys in VT Burgoyne surrounded; forced to surrender Burgoyne surrounded; forced to surrender

18. Importance of Saratoga US gains foreign allies US gains foreign allies French, Spanish, Dutch French, Spanish, Dutch Send troops, weapons, & loans ($$) Send troops, weapons, & loans ($$) Countries wanted to diminish Britain’s control of western hemisphere Countries wanted to diminish Britain’s control of western hemisphere Example: Spanish Govr. of Louisiana captured British forts on the Mississippi & sent $$ to VA Example: Spanish Govr. of Louisiana captured British forts on the Mississippi & sent $$ to VA

19. Winter at Valley Forge

20. Troops suffered terribly Troops suffered terribly Starvation ; frostbite Starvation ; frostbite Diseases; inocolulation Diseases; inocolulation “Washington’s Greatest Challenge” “Washington’s Greatest Challenge”

21. Foreign Aid in Camp Marquis de Lafayette Marquis de Lafayette Diplomat from France Diplomat from France Close advisor to Washington Close advisor to Washington Baron Von Steuben Baron Von Steuben Military officer from Prussia Military officer from Prussia Regimental training Regimental training Bayonets, marching, tactics Bayonets, marching, tactics

22. Inflation More bills than gold/silver backing More bills than gold/silver backing Leads to inflation Leads to inflation Businesses stop accepting paper money Businesses stop accepting paper money

23. Native Americans in the War

24. Most Natives fought with Britain Most Natives fought with Britain Americans continue to move beyond Proclamation Line of 1763 Americans continue to move beyond Proclamation Line of 1763 Natives view Britain as less of a threat Natives view Britain as less of a threat Begin to raid US settlements in Ohio River Valley Begin to raid US settlements in Ohio River Valley

25. The War Moves West & South

26. War in the West VA militia sent to KY to stop settlement raids VA militia sent to KY to stop settlement raids Illinois Campaign Illinois Campaign Small force (200) Small force (200) Captured forts in Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio Captured forts in Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio Battle of Vincennes Battle of Vincennes Reason for British surrender of northwest after war?? Reason for British surrender of northwest after war??

27. British Warships on the Move Britain controls east coast Britain controls east coast Enact blockades Enact blockades Control NY, RI, VA, & SC Control NY, RI, VA, & SC

28. British Warships on the Move 2 nd Continental Congress passes law to build 13 Warships 2 nd Continental Congress passes law to build 13 Warships All 13 captured/destoryed by British All 13 captured/destoryed by British US forced to hire privateers US forced to hire privateers John Paul Jones John Paul Jones Minor success, but can not stop blockades Minor success, but can not stop blockades

29. British Burn Portland! Navy shells coast; burns coastal towns Examples: Norfolk, VA ; Falmouth, ME

30. Ask the Class... The British have just lost the Battle of Saratoga, and lost control of the Ohio River Valley. The British have just lost the Battle of Saratoga, and lost control of the Ohio River Valley. If you were a British General, where would you concentrate your efforts? If you were a British General, where would you concentrate your efforts? What areas would you attack? Why? What areas would you attack? Why? Who would you recruit to help you? Who would you recruit to help you?

31. Britain’s Plan : 3 rd Time a Charm?? Concentrate efforts in Southern Colonies Concentrate efforts in Southern Colonies More Loyalists More Loyalists Better economy Better economy More Ports = More Trade = More $$$ More Ports = More Trade = More $$$ IF ALL ELSE FAILS, YOU CAN LOSE NEW ENGLAND AND KEEP THE SOUTHERN COLONIES IF ALL ELSE FAILS, YOU CAN LOSE NEW ENGLAND AND KEEP THE SOUTHERN COLONIES

32. British Victories in the South British capture Savannah, GA British capture Savannah, GA Capture Charleston, SC after 2 years Capture Charleston, SC after 2 years WORST American defeat of the war WORST American defeat of the war 1.) British took thousands of prisoners 2.) Controlled America’s most important sea port (supplies)‏

34. Guerilla Warfare Guerilla – A Spanish word meaning ‘little war’

35. Guerilla Warfare Thick woods, swamps Thick woods, swamps Limited visibility Limited visibility Unfamiliar terrain for G.B. Unfamiliar terrain for G.B. “Friendly Fire” “Friendly Fire” Gen. Francis Marion, aka ‘Swamp Fox’ Gen. Francis Marion, aka ‘Swamp Fox’

36. America’s Plan in the South Use Guerilla Warfare!! Use Guerilla Warfare!! Forces split in 2: Forces split in 2: 1.) Half sent to Cowpens, SC 2.) Half join Marion, engage in guerrilla attacks

37. Battle of Cowpens

38. Turning Point in War Turning Point in War Americans defeat British in Cowpens Americans defeat British in Cowpens Force British to retreat to VA Force British to retreat to VA Cornwallis abandons NC & SC Cornwallis abandons NC & SC

39. Cornwallis Retreats to VA

40. Battle of Yorktown US forces travel south US forces travel south NY decoy by Washington NY decoy by Washington Cornwallis waits for reinforcements Cornwallis waits for reinforcements French navy leaves RI French navy leaves RI Cornwallis surrounded Cornwallis surrounded US/French siege US/French siege

41. CL L CW The Road to Yorktown May 1779- September 1781 R W

43. Britain Surrenders War is too expensive to continue War is too expensive to continue Too difficult to integrate colonies back into empire Too difficult to integrate colonies back into empire Loss of support in Britain Loss of support in Britain

44. Treaty of Paris (#2)‏

45. Treaty of Paris (#2) US recognized as independent nation US recognized as independent nation Land: - 13 colonies - VT - East of Miss. Land: - 13 colonies - VT - East of Miss. US must return property to Loyalists US must return property to Loyalists

46. Problems with Treaty Most property not returned to Loyalists Most property not returned to Loyalists US does not repay debt to British merchants US does not repay debt to British merchants Native treaties ignored Native treaties ignored African troops return to slavery African troops return to slavery Northern border disputes: - Great Lakes - Maine Northern border disputes: - Great Lakes - Maine