1. CODIS – Combined DNA Index System

2. CODIS STRs and Probability STRAfrican American American Caucasian D3513580.0970.080 VWA0.0740.068 FGA0.0360.041 TH010.1140.080 TPOX0.0910.207 CFS1PO0.0790.128 D5S8180.1210.166 D13S3170.1390.081 D7S8200.0870.067 D8S11790.0800.069 D21S110.0420.041 D18S510.032 D16S5390.0760.091 1/X = value 1/X = 0.097 SOLVE FOR X X = 1/0.097 = 10.3 This means the DNA matches one in 10.3 people Think about class evidence…how do we narrow down the pool of possible suspects?

3. Where is DNA found? DNA is contained in blood, semen, skin cells, tissue, organs, muscle, brain cells, bone, teeth, hair, saliva, mucus, perspiration, fingernails, urine, feces, etc. DNA is contained in blood, semen, skin cells, tissue, organs, muscle, brain cells, bone, teeth, hair, saliva, mucus, perspiration, fingernails, urine, feces, etc. http://www.dna.gov/basics/ http://www.dna.gov/basics/ http://www.dna.gov/basics/ THIS IS NUCLEAR DNA!

4. Two types of DNA Analysis of mtDNA is done when RFLP and STR cannot be used on NUCLEAR DNA Analysis of mtDNA is done when RFLP and STR cannot be used on NUCLEAR DNA 1. Nuclear DNA (inside nucleus) 2. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

5. Nuclear DNA Nuclear DNA: Nuclear DNA: Found in nucleus of cells Found in nucleus of cells Contains 23 chromosome pairs Contains 23 chromosome pairs Each parent contributes half Each parent contributes half

6. Mitochondrial DNA Mitochondria are found in all cells of the body Mitochondria are found in all cells of the body Provides 90% of energy our bodies need to function Provides 90% of energy our bodies need to function Contain bits of DNA passed down through generations Contain bits of DNA passed down through generations Hundreds of thousands of mitochondria per cell!! Hundreds of thousands of mitochondria per cell!! What are the benefits? What are the benefits? What are the limitations? What are the limitations?

7. Oocyte Maturation

8. Nuclear vs. Mitochondrial DNA

10. Mitochondrial DNA Used in identifying remains Used in identifying remains Generous amount present in bones Generous amount present in bones Shows maternal lineage matches (will be identical if related through the mother) Shows maternal lineage matches (will be identical if related through the mother)

11. In the NEWS: Sandringham http://www.metro.co.uk/news/886331-sandringham-murder-body-could-be- missing-teenager-say-police http://www.metro.co.uk/news/886331-sandringham-murder-body-could-be- missing-teenager-say-police http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8998481/Sandringham- body-identification-will-take-further-three-days.html http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8998481/Sandringham- body-identification-will-take-further-three-days.html

12. Last March Royalty-obsessed Robert James Moore found dead Royalty-obsessed Robert James Moore found dead TOD ~ up to 3 yrs TOD ~ up to 3 yrs

13. Missing Persons: Dung Beetle Biologist