1. Today’s Standard SSUSH20
Analyze the domestic and international impact of the Cold War on the U.S.; describe the Truman Doctrine; containment; the Marshall Plan

2. The Great Rivalry between East and West 1945 - 1991
The Cold War
The Great Rivalry between East and West

3. The Roots of the “Cold” War
1945
World War II is over
Europe is war torn and must rebuild
Only two countries emerged from the war as powerful nations
1) The United States
The Soviet Union
2) The “superpowers”
Eventually both became embroiled in an intense rivalry for world power and influence
The Cold War

4. Stalin and Soviet Communism
The mistrust between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. began almost immediately after WW2
3) Joseph Stalin made it very clear that he planned on expanding Soviet communism in eastern Europe
Against the wishes of the U.S. and other democratic nations in Europe, Stalin begins installing pro-Soviet governments in Eastern Europe
satellite nations

5. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russia and her satellites)

6. The World during the Cold War Democracies – blue; Communist - Red

7. Democracy vs. Communism4)
Communism
A) Limited freedom, all property belongs to the government, free investment is non-existent
Democracy
B) People are free, they can vote, & own private property

8. The “Iron Curtain”
The U.S., Britain, and France particularly were concerned about the sudden surge of communism spreading
5) British Prime Minister Winston Churchill called it the “Iron Curtain”
An imaginary line that separated the communist nations and the democratic nations

9. The Truman Doctrine
1947
6) U.S. President Harry S. Truman gives a speech about the spread of communism
He declares the United States will support ALL people under the threat of the spread of communism
The Truman Doctrine
Also known as “containment”
STOPPING THE SPREAD OF COMMUNISM

10. The Marshall Plan
Meanwhile, European countries struggled to recover from WW2
1) Germany especially needed help
Only Russia and the U.S. emerged as self-sufficient countries
Europe needed economic aid
2) Enter U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall
The Marshall Plan
A plan to help Europe get back on track financially
$17 billion in aid is sent
The USSR rejected it

11. The Problem in Berlin The Marshall Plan was a huge success
All countries who accepted it grew stronger
Germany had been divided between the U.S., Britain, France, and the USSR
Only the Russian portion of Germany suffered
3) The Soviets begin to block all roads to Berlin to keep aid from getting in
4) Western democracies would respond with the Berlin Airlift

12. The Berlin Airlift
2 million tons of food and supplies are dropped into Berlin by plane by Western nations (U.S., Britain, France)
The people of Berlin wanted and needed the aid
The USSR is humiliated and made to look like the bad guys
Soon after, the USSR would lift the blockade to Berlin

13. Germany is Divided
1949
An agreement is reached between the Western Allies and the USSR
Germany would be split
The Federal Republic of West Germany
Communist East Germany

14. NATO vs. Warsaw
1949
The U.S. and other Western democratic nations form an alliance for defense
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NATO
1955
The Soviet Union and its communist allies form its own defense alliance
Warsaw Pact

15. NATO vs. Warsaw

16. QOTD
How did the Marshall Plan help stabilize Europe after World War II?
A      It pardoned most enemy soldiers in exchange for their cooperation.
B       It proposed dividing Germany into two countries to appease Russia.
C      It provided financial aid and supplies to countries suffering after the war.
D      It established an active American military presence in unstable areas.

17. QOTD
How did the Marshall Plan help stabilize Europe after World War II?
C      It provided financial aid and supplies to countries suffering after the war.

18. Today’s Standard SSUSH20
Describe communist China; the Korean War; and Joseph McCarthy (2nd Red Scare)

19. Communism Spreads In Asia
Chinese Communism and the Korean Conflict

20. China Becomes Communist
1) Communism’s spread hits China
Young students create the Chinese Communist Party
By the mid-20s, China is in a civil war
2) Communists under Mao Zedong vs. Nationalists under Chiang Kai Shek
The U.S. aids the Nationlists but the Communists win
3) The People’s Republic of China is established in 1949
At the time of its establishment, the U.S. refuses to recognize the country

21. Chairman Mao Zedong

22. The Korean War Begins
1) During the 1940s, political tensions were increasing in Korea as well
A small peninsula country connected to China
– Japan ruled Korea but after World War II, the Allies freed Korea from Japanese rule
It was divided into two zones
The Soviets held northern Korea
The U.S. held southern Korea

23. The Korean War The division was meant to be temporary
But the Cold War tensions between the U.S. and Russia led to a permanent division
2) Communist North Korea
Democratic South Korea
The U.S. begins helping South Korea, and the Soviets help North Korea
June 25th, 1950, North Korea invades South Korea after a series of small clashes
3) President Truman declares the U.S. will support South Korea (containment)
The Korean War had begun

24. The Korean War
4) World War II general Douglas MacArthur is called back into action
Commander of U.S. Asian forces
Pushes the North Koreans all the way up near the China border
But in late Nov. 1950, China enters the war against the U.S.
5) The war becomes a stalemate
No clear winner
Truman didn’t want to attack China and start another world war
Russia might jump in…

25. The End of the Korean War
The Election of 1952
President Truman decides to retire
6) World War II hero Dwight D. Eisenhower is elected
He promises to end the conflict in Korea
7) July 27th, 1953 – an armistice is reached
The borders drawn stay the same as before
Many Americans are critical of the war; many question if it was worth fighting
54,000 Americans lost their lives in the Korean War

26. Another Red Scare
1) The Cold War tensions of the 40s and 50s led to another Red Scare in the U.S.
The Korean War
Many Americans were convinced Soviet spies lived among them
2) These fears were fueled by Wisconsin senator Joseph McCarthy
Came into the spotlight in the 50s with a list of charges against alleged secret communists that worked in the government
McCarthy attacked the patriotism and reputation of many innocent Americans

27. Another Red Scare
Without any real evidence, McCarthy caused many people to lose their jobs due to his accusations
In 1954 he accused the U.S. Army of having communists
3) On television McCarthy presented his findings in a series of about 35 hearings
No evidence surfaced
The charges were dismissed
McCarthy was condemned
This ended his political career

28. QOTD
How did the spread of communism after World War II aid in Joseph McCarthy’s rise to prominence?
A      He exploited the public’s hysteria and held show trials to boost his own political career.
B       He united blacks and whites through a hatred of communism and encouraged civil rights.
C      He won public admiration for his military leadership in fighting communists in Korea.
D      He manipulated paranoia to sell nuclear weapons to the United States and Soviet Union.

29. QOTD
How did the spread of communism after World War II aid in Joseph McCarthy’s rise to prominence?
A      He exploited the public’s hysteria and held show trials to boost his own political career.

30. Today’s Standard SSUSH20
c. Describe the Cuban Revolution, the Bay of Pigs, and the Cuban missile crisis.

31. The Kennedy Administration and the Cuban Missile Crisis 1960 - 1962
The Crisis In Cuba
The Kennedy Administration and the Cuban Missile Crisis

32. John F. Kennedy The Election of 1960
1) The 22nd Amendment limits presidents to two consecutive terms
Popular president Dwight. D. Eisenhower retires in 1960
2) Democrats nominate Mass. Senator John F. Kennedy
Republicans – Richard Nixon – the Vice President
American politics are about to change
3) television is now a major form of American media
Kennedy will take advantage of this

33. The Kennedy-Nixon Debates
Television starts a new era of politics – candidates on TV
Nixon (top) is visibly tired from the campaign; wears a grey suit that doesn’t contrast well on a black and white TV
Kennedy (bottom) appears fit and confident; wears a dark suit that really distinguished him on black and white TV
4) Viewers on radio felt Nixon won
Viewers on TV felt Kennedy did
Kennedy wins a close election; becomes the 35th President

34. The Bay of Pigs Invasion
1) Kennedy becomes president and is immediately has to deal with the Cold War
Cuba experiences another revolution; by Fidel Castro
Castro establishes a communist government
Castro establishes ties with the Soviet Union
2) With Cuba being only 90 miles away from the U.S., Kennedy was concerned
He plans an operation to be conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency

35. The Bay of Pigs Invasion
The plan:
The CIA will train 1,500 rebels to go in and overthrow Castro
3) They will enter on the shore of the Bay of Pigs
It happened on April 17, 1961
The operation was a massive failure
Cuban forces captured 1,200 rebels
Kennedy is embarrassed
Cuba gets closer with the Soviet Union

36. The Cuban Missile Crisis
1962
1) Stalin had died in 1953 and was succeeded by a new leader, Nikita Khrushchev
Khrushchev thinks Kennedy is a weak leader and tests his limits
2) The Soviet Union begins sending Cuba missiles
Kennedy opposes this
October of 1962 – a thirteen day stand-off between both countries takes place
3) nuclear war was a possibility
The Cuban Missile Crisis

37. The Cuban Missile Crisis
4) Kennedy makes a bold move by setting up a naval blockade to turn any other Soviet ships around
The Soviets show up, then turn around
Kennedy and Khrushchev meet and make an agreement:
5) A) The Soviet Union will dismantle the Cuban missile bases
B) The U.S. won’t invade Cuba
6) 1963 – The Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty is signed, further relieving Cold War tensions…

38. QOTD
4.The Cuban Missile Crisis involved a standoff between Russia and the United States concerning
A      the atomic bomb
B       illegal immigrants
C      nuclear weapons
D      the spread of socialism

39. QOTD
4.The Cuban Missile Crisis involved a standoff between Russia and the United States concerning
C      nuclear weapons

40. Today’s Standard
SSUSH20
Describe the Vietnam War.

41. Communism Continues to Spread in East Asia 1949 - 1967
The Vietnam War Part 1
Communism Continues to Spread in East Asia

42. Vietnam
1) Vietnam is a small country and the eastern most country in Southeast Asia
Bordered by China to the north
Filled with hills and dense forests / jungle
2) Gained independence in 1945
Over its history it has been occupied by China, Japan, and France
2) American leaders became nervous that Vietnam would be threatened by Chinese communism in 1949

43. U.S. Concerns
President Truman and eventually Eisenhower were worried that when China became communist it would have a domino effect on the rest of Asia
3) “domino theory”
When a powerful country becomes communist, weaker ones in the region will follow and become communist
It happens in Vietnam
Vietnam became communist under leader Ho Chi Minh
China supported the communist government there

44. U.S. Concerns France and Vietnam go to war in 1946
Communist China begins supporting Vietnam
The U.S. supports France
4) Truman wanted to uphold containment
5) The problem was France wasn’t prepared for Vietnamese guerilla warfare in unfamiliar territory
France loses the war in 1954

45. Trying to Reach an Agreement
1955
Major powers hold an international meeting to discuss what would happen to East Asia
6) China wants communism
America doesn’t
An agreement is reached
Like Korea, Vietnam is divided
North Vietnam - communist
South Vietnam – democratic
6) But in 1959 – a communist revolution takes place in South Vietnam
The Vietcong

46. American Involvement Increases Under Kennedy and Johnson
1960
Kennedy’s Administration
1) Kennedy increases the number of American troops in Vietnam to 16,000 in 1963
Kennedy is assassinated in November of 1963
2) His VP, Lyndon B. Johnson becomes president
Johnson announces he will escalate the war and instates a draft
3) In all 2 million Americans will serve in the Vietnam War

47. Ho Chi Minh Quote
You can kill ten of our men for every one we kill of yours. But even at those odds, you will lose and we will win.
Ho Chi Minh

48. The Anti-War Movement
4) March 1965, Johnson launches Operation: Rolling Thunder
Air bombing Vietcong targets, particularly Ho Chi Minh Trail
1967 – The war is no closer to being won
5) 16,000 Americans had been killed
Worse yet, the atrocities can be seen on the news on TV
This causes people to begin to protest the war
6) The Anti-War Movement started in the late 60s

49. Vietnam War Primary Source Activity
Choose ONE of the following assignments 1) Analyze a series of pictures from the Vietnam War – choose 2 and complete a photograph analysis sheet for them. OR
2) Read two short stories based on actual soldier’s accounts and complete a short story analysis on ONE of them.

50. QOTD
During the Cold War, America’s Containment Policy was primarily trying to limit communism’s spread to which geographic areas?
A      the Middle East
B      Eastern Europe and Asia
C      the United States
D      Latin America

51. QOTD
During the Cold War, America’s Containment Policy was primarily trying to limit communism’s spread to which geographic areas?
B       Eastern Europe and Asia

52. Today’s Standard SSUSH20
Describe the Tet Offensive, and growing opposition to the Vietnam War.

53. Tet Offensive – The End of the War 1967 - 1975
The Vietnam War Part 2
Tet Offensive – The End of the War

54. I. The Tet Offensive 1968 The Vietnam War still rages
America is still involved
January 30th, 1968 – The Vietcong (the North Vietnamese), begin a brutal offensive against South Vietnamese and U.S. forces
1) The Tet Offensive was the North Vietnamese’s plan to end the war
It didn’t
2) 40,000 Vietcong were killed
1,100 Americans were killed
But the Vietcong had no plans on giving up

55. The Tet Offensive
The real impact of the Tet Offensive wasn’t in Vietnam
3) The political effect was huge in the U.S.
Much of what happened at the Tet Offensive was on TV and being covered by journalists
“I thought we were winning the war! What the hell is going on?” – said one TV anchor after viewing the footage
After the Tet Offensive, the anti-war movement increased dramatically
The American public was tired of the Vietnam War

56. II. President Johnson Passes the Burden
1) After the Tet Offensive, 75% of Americans disapproved of the war
In the Election of 1968, LBJ faced attack from all sides
Johnson decides not to run for re-election
2) The Election of 1968 saw the the election of Richard Nixon as the 37th President of the U.S.
Nixon promised victory in Vietnam

57. President Richard Nixon

58. President Nixon and the War
3) Nixon’s plan was called Vietnamization
The plan: Gradually pull out U.S. troops and eventually leave the fighting to the South Vietnamese
Nixon then sent 80,000 U.S. troops into the country of Cambodia and began bombing it to block North Vietnamese supply lines
Up to now, Cambodia had been kept out of the war
Anti-War supporters in America were outraged.

59. Kent State Shootings May 4th, 1970 4) Kent State University, Ohio
Students are protesting Nixon’s Cambodian invasion
The Ohio National Guard is called in when the protest gets out of control
Tensions mount and several soldiers fire their weapons
Four unarmed students are killed, nine are wounded
Two of the students killed weren’t even participating in the protests
The infamous Kent State shootings shocked the nation and increased the unpopularity of the Vietnam War

60. III. The End of the War
Despite public dissatisfaction, Nixon intensifies the attacks on North Vietnam BUT…
No matter how much the U.S. pounded the Vietcong, they continued to fight
1) In 1971, the passage of the 26th Amendment lowered the voting age from 21 to 18
What does this mean?
The age for the draft is 18
Drafted soldiers could vote
Despite this, Richard Nixon won re-election in 1972

61. Cease-Fire Nixon’s plans for victory in Vietnam never worked
2) On January 27th, 1973, a cease-fire was agreed to
The U.S. pulls out of South Vietnam in January 1975
By April 30th, 1975 – South Vietnam surrenders to the North Vietnamese
Vietnam becomes communist
Sadly, the “domino effect” that U.S. leaders feared would happen never did
3) Again, like in the conflict in Korea, Americans felt that the Vietnam War was not worth it

62. Effects of the War The Vietnam War was costly
4) The U.S. lost over 58,000 men
South Vietnamese casualties numbered almost 700,000
North Vietnamese lost up to 1 million
5) The war cost the U.S. $150 billion, increasing the growing national debt
After the war, many felt that U.S. presidents held too much war power
6) the War Powers Act in 1973 put a limit on the president’s ability to deploy troops in foreign conflict

63. The Cold War
Political Cartoons

64. “Iron Curtain”
The Iron Curtain represents the communism that is dividing Europe east and west
Symbols:
The three people represent the USA, France, and the United Nations who are trying to unsuccessfully break the wall down
The Soviet hammer and sickle are on the Iron Curtain to represent that they are the ones causing it

65. World On Fire
In this cartoon a burned man is on a burned earth trying to call together a league to prevent another war
2) The POV of the cartoonist? The next world war will be nuclear and will destroy the world
How can there be peace if there’s no world left to be peaceful?

66. The “Airlift” 3) The old man is referring to the Berlin Airlift
The boy is perplexed (confused) because the last two medals are coal and flour
Allied countries dropped food and supplies into Berlin

67. Dueling Nations
1) The event that inspired the cartoon can either be the Berlin crisis, or the Cold War
2) Are there real people? Yes! President Harry S. Truman is on the left (USA); Stalin is on the right (Soviet Union)
3) Symbols? Truman and Stalin, the guns they are wearing, the atomic bomb on Truman, and the needles they are fighting with
4) Opinion? Stalin and Truman want to fight, but both don’t want to fight too hard – no one wants a nuclear war

68. Unit 8 Study Guides 1) The Cold War Begins
2) Communism Spreads In Asia
3) JFK and the Crisis In Cuba
4) The Vietnam War Part 1
5) The Vietnam War Part 2

69. Up-The-Stairs Timeline
1) The Cold War Begins
2) Communism Spreads in Asia
3) JFK and the Crisis in Cuba
*If you don’t have your study guides then get a red textbook from the back table. (Pages ; )
CHOOSE 10 EVENTS from the three study guides.
NUMBER the events in the circle
DRAW a symbol of the event in the square
WRITE the date and the name of the event next to the number; if only the year is provided write the year but MAKE SURE YOUR TIMELINE IS IN CORRECT ORDER

70. Vietnam War Primary Source Activity
Choose ONE of the following assignments 1) Analyze a series of pictures from the Vietnam War – choose 2 and complete a photograph analysis sheet for them. OR
2) Read two short stories based on actual soldier’s accounts and complete a short story analysis on ONE of them.

71. Film Study – Thirteen Days
1) Thirteen Days – Directed by Roger Donaldson; set in 1962 in Washington, D.C. and Cuba
2) Kenny O’Donnell – Special Assistant to President John F. Kennedy – loyal, determined, assertive
3) Antagonists – Joint Chiefs of Staff (the generals) – they are also determined and want war
4) Avoiding World War III and nuclear war with the Soviet Union
5) The O’Donnell family
6) Keeps up with Kennedy’s schedule; Tells the pilots not to get shot down; supports the Kennedy brothers

72. Film Study – Thirteen Days
7) When the Soviet ships approach the blockade
8) The U.S.S.R. agrees to remove the missiles in exchange for the U.S. agreeing never to invade Cuba
9) He supported the President to the very end; he never really removed his support for them
10) Lesson 1 – Don’t be quick to act against a threat
Lesson 2 – To avoid a conflict is more honorable than jumping into one
Lesson 3 – Love many – trust few
11) Genuine and believable performances by the actors playing historical figures; the portrayal of alcohol with O’Donnell – he dies from alcoholism later in life

73. Film Study – Thirteen Days
12) Switching from B&W to color shading to show that this was in the past