1. Simulations with event pile up in MVD 1. Improvement of the MVD-digitiser 2. General simulations with pile up 3. Open charm reconstruction Christina Dritsa Outline:

2. Accumulated charge: some terms RED : seed pixel (Highest charge) RED : seed pixel (Highest charge) Yellow : 1 st crown + seed: 9 pixels Yellow : 1 st crown + seed: 9 pixels Green : 2 nd crown + seed: 25 pixels Green : 2 nd crown + seed: 25 pixels Blue : 3 rd crown + seed: 49 pixels Blue : 3 rd crown + seed: 49 pixels

3. Cluster Formation in digitiser: Reminder Energy: Taken randomly from the accumulated charge distribution on 25 pixels (2 nd crown) Shape: From the “profile” of the real cluster.

4. Incident angle: 75° Initial Version (currently in trunk) MPV are similar But the widths (sigma) are not!

5. Improvement Initially: Initially: “Gain” multiplies MPV and Sigma: “Gain” multiplies MPV and Sigma: Charge = Gain*LandauRandom(MPV, Sigma) Charge = Gain*LandauRandom(MPV, Sigma) Correction: Correction: “Gain” multiplies only MPV: “Gain” multiplies only MPV: Charge = LandauRandom(Gain*MPV, Sigma) Charge = LandauRandom(Gain*MPV, Sigma) Result: Only MPV is multiplied with Gain, not Sigma. Result: Only MPV is multiplied with Gain, not Sigma.

6. 75° Improved Version

7. Intermediate summary A bug in the digitiser has been fixed A bug in the digitiser has been fixed (thanks Michael) The tails of the charge deposition in a cluster are well reproduced for the higher incident angles. The tails of the charge deposition in a cluster are well reproduced for the higher incident angles.

8. General Pile Up simulations GOAL: Study the behaviour of combinatorial background with respect to pile up. Check the efficiency of cuts in different cases before proceeding to a complete feasibility study of open charm measurement.

9. MIMOSA roadmap for CBM (by Marc Winter) MimoSIS-1: 2D-chip for SIS100 (D mesons in pA collisions) Established AMS 0.35µm process 3 prototypes (2010,2011,2012) final prototype by summer 2012 t Int < 40 µs, rad. tol. ~ 3 x 10 12 n eq /cm² MimoSIS-2: 2D-chip for SIS300 (D meson in AA collisions) Novel process with small feature size, stitching? t Int < 30 µs, rad. tol. <10 14 n eq /cm² final prototype by 2015 MimoSIS-3 3D-chip for SIS300, phase 2 t Int < 10 µs, rad. tol. ~10 14 n eq /cm² Development start by 2009 final prototype > 2015 if 3D technology works

10. Motivation of the simulation model MIMOSIS2 is foreseen for CBM. MIMOSIS2 is foreseen for CBM. Key parameters of MIMOSIS2 are already visible in MIMOSA26 Key parameters of MIMOSIS2 are already visible in MIMOSA26 Pixel pitch : 18.4 × 18.4 µm 2 Pixel pitch : 18.4 × 18.4 µm 2

11. Motivation of the simulation model Thickness of sensors - Geometry used Thickness of sensors - Geometry used 1 st MAPS @ 5 cm is 300 µm thick 1 st MAPS @ 5 cm is 300 µm thick 2 nd MAPS @ 10 cm is 500 µm thick 2 nd MAPS @ 10 cm is 500 µm thick StationZ (cm)R inner [mm] R outer [mm] 155.525 2105.550

12. Towards the MVD: HP-2 ULISI Diamond 200-300 µm ~ 60 (1) -150 (2) µm Si < 200 µm Si ~ 60 (1) -150 (2) µm Si ~ 320 (1) -500 (2) µm Si Metal linesSensorPolyamide Build an ultra thin ladder. Partners: IPHC, IKF, IMEC (1) first MVD station (2) last MVD station M.Deveaux, DPG meeting 2010

13. Readout settings Analogue readout ADC 12 bits ADC 12 bits (4096 channels) (4096 channels) 1 electron / channel 1 electron / channel Cut on charge: Cut on charge: 75 ADC units = 75 e 75 ADC units = 75 e Digital readout ADC 1 bit ADC 1 bit (2 channels) (2 channels) 75 electrons / channel 75 electrons / channel Cut on charge: Cut on charge: 1 ADC unit = 75 e 1 ADC unit = 75 e For each setting, three cases were studied: 1.No pile up in MVD ( 1 central + 100 Ions ) 2.Pile up of 5 collisions ( 1central + 4 mbias + 500 Ions) 3.Pile up of 10 collisions ( 1 central + 9 mbias + 1000 Ions )

14. Analogue readout: Occupancy Fired pixels / All pixels MVD @ 5 cm [e-]

15. Merged Clusters in MVD C. Trageser

16. Analogue readout: PV sigma

17. Efficiency of cuts: an example PV > 3·σ

18. Momentum reconstruction The reconstruction efficiency of low momentum tracks (<1.5 GeV/c ) is slightly reduced with increasing pile up.

19. Tracking Performance (AllSet) ~85 % for tracks with P>1GeV/c Taken from CbmL1Performance.cxx Pile Up 5 Pile Up 10

20. Hit merging and track reconstruction 1: High P track 2: Low P track MVD STS The high P track will be reconstructed first and will “own” the hit. The track parameters will be slightly modified. Hit sharing is not allowed in the MVD: The low momentum track does not “find” the hit. There is a probability to pick up a wrong neighbouring hit (?)

21. Secondary Vertex Resolution Only Bg! Secondary vertex resolution for background tracks deteriorates significantly with pile up. This effect might have an impact on the efficiency of the secondary vertex cut.

22. No pile up 85 % Pile up 5 70 % Pile up 10 50 % Percentage of D 0 ’s within [-200, 200] µm (shaded area) >95% expected for a Gaussian Secondary Vertex Resolution

23. Primary Vertex Resolution

24. Results for digital readout No pile upPile up 10 In the case of digital readout, the distributions are the same as for the analogue readout. The effect on the single point resolution, introduced by the digital readout, is dominated by the multiple scattering effects.

25. Intermediate summary & conclusion The effect on the background rejection efficiency and the vertex resolution for a pile up of 5 and 10 collisions in the MVD has been studied. The effect on the background rejection efficiency and the vertex resolution for a pile up of 5 and 10 collisions in the MVD has been studied. The impact parameter distribution (PVsigma) and the secondary vertex resolution suggest that the background rejection with a pile up of 10 collisions is insufficient for an open charm reconstruction with the current CBM setup. The impact parameter distribution (PVsigma) and the secondary vertex resolution suggest that the background rejection with a pile up of 10 collisions is insufficient for an open charm reconstruction with the current CBM setup. Further studies are needed to demonstrate the feasibility measurement of open charm when 5 collisions are piled up in the MVD. Further studies are needed to demonstrate the feasibility measurement of open charm when 5 collisions are piled up in the MVD.

26. Open charm reconstruction No collision pile up in MVD (only central coll.) No collision pile up in MVD (only central coll.) Pile Up of 5 collisions (1 central + 4 peripheral) Pile Up of 5 collisions (1 central + 4 peripheral)

27. MIMOSA roadmap for CBM (by Marc Winter) MimoSIS-1: 2D-chip for SIS100 (D mesons in pA collisions) Established AMS 0.35µm process 3 prototypes (2010,2011,2012) final prototype by summer 2012 t Int < 40 µs, rad. tol. ~ 3 x 10 12 n eq /cm² MimoSIS-2: 2D-chip for SIS300 (D meson in AA collisions) Novel process with small feature size, stitching? t Int < 30 µs, rad. tol. <10 14 n eq /cm² final prototype by 2015 MimoSIS-3 3D-chip for SIS300, phase 2 t Int < 10 µs, rad. tol. ~10 14 n eq /cm² Development start by 2009 final prototype > 2015 if 3D technology works

28. Expected statistics in CBM Collision rates Collision rates Radiation doses Radiation doses

29. Expected statistics CBM year: 5·10 6 s ≈ 2 months CBM year: 5·10 6 s ≈ 2 months Assumed sensor time resolution: t int = 30 µs Assumed sensor time resolution: t int = 30 µs * BR=0.038, Multipl. =1.2 ·10 -4 D 0 / centr Au-Au @ 25 AGeV 1 central / 10 mbias Collision rate (interactions/s)Collisions/year(mbias) D 0 →π + K - (generated) * No pile up 3 ·10 4 1.5·10 11 68 000 Pile up 5 1.5 ·10 5 7.5·10 11 340 000 Can we measure this statistics before the detector is “dead” from radiation?

30. Radiation doses in CBM Simulations by M.Deveaux: Old setup (Alligator Field) Delta electrons included Simulations by D.Bertini: Current setup (Muon Field) Delta electrons NOT included Fluence [n eq /cm 2 ] Collisions (mbias) GEANT + GCALOR (2007) FLUKA (2009) 5. 10 13 1.5 ·10 15 2.5 ·10 15 13050 Nominal Intensity : AuAu: 10 9 p/s · 1% · 5 · 10 6 s = 5. 10 13 coll/year Collisions (mbias) Fluence [n eq /cm 2 ] MAPS lifetime MAPS lifetime # GEANT + GCALOR (2007) FLUKA (2009) 3·10 13 10 12 6 ·10 11 # http://ulisi-wiki.gsi.de/pub/Meetings/ULISIWorkshop1/M.Winter-Status-P3.pdf No pile up 1.5 · 10 11 pile up 5 7.5 · 10 11 In the studies shown next, normalisation is done according to the corresponding measured statistics for one run.

31. Setup CBMROOT Oct2009 (trunk) CBMROOT Oct2009 (trunk) Updated tracking performance Updated tracking performance 2 MAPS @ 5, 10 cm 2 MAPS @ 5, 10 cm 8 STS, staggered strips. 8 STS, staggered strips. Digitisers for MAPS, STS Digitisers for MAPS, STS Delta electrons included Delta electrons included Realistic track finder, track fitter (KF) Realistic track finder, track fitter (KF) Au-Au @ 25 AGeV Au-Au @ 25 AGeV 1 D 0 → π + + K - embedded per central collision 1 D 0 → π + + K - embedded per central collision StationZ (cm)R inner [mm]R outer [mm] 155.525 2105.550

32. Choice of parameters (MVD) t int = 30 µs t int = 30 µs Pixel pitch : 18.4 × 18.4 µm 2 Pixel pitch : 18.4 × 18.4 µm 2 1 st MAPS @ 5 cm is 300 µm thick 1 st MAPS @ 5 cm is 300 µm thick 2 nd MAPS @ 10 cm is 500 µm thick 2 nd MAPS @ 10 cm is 500 µm thick ~2 mm 0.7 mm

33. Quantities studied Signal-to-BackgroundSignificance Detection efficiency

34. S and B calculation

35. No pile up Signal in simulation = 7 000 D 0 Per central collision: 100 Ions (δ e- ), 1 D 0 → π + K - Background in simulation = 83 000 000 evts (SE) BR = 0.038 Multiplicity =1.2 ·10 -4 D 0 / centr Au-Au @ 25 AGeV 1 central / 10 mbias Normalise to 1.5·10 10 central collisions ANALOGUE READOUT: 12 bits ADC

36. No pile up

37. S/B=2.5 Eff=0,9% Signif=21 [1/150 MeV/c 2 ]

38. No pile up: Rapidity coverage Input Signal Pt-Y Output Signal Pt-Y (after cuts)

39. Pile up 5 Signal in simulation = 9 000 D 0 Per central collision: 100 Ions (δ e- ), 1 D 0 → π + K - Background in simulation = 676 000 000 evts (SE) BR = 0.038 Multiplicity =1.2 ·10 -4 D 0 / centr Au-Au @ 25 AGeV 1 central / 10 mbias Normalise to 7.5·10 10 central collisions BINARY READOUT: 1 bit ADC

40. Pile Up 5

41. Pile Up 5: Fitting of Si & Bg S/B=0.6 Sign=26 Det.Eff=0.55% (1700 D 0 expected)

42. Pile Up 5: Rapidity coverage

43. Significance

44. Summary The effect of pile up on the track reconstruction has been studied. The effect of pile up on the track reconstruction has been studied. The simulation setup was chosen according to the most updated estimations on the parameters of the MVD (pitch, t int, mat. budget) The simulation setup was chosen according to the most updated estimations on the parameters of the MVD (pitch, t int, mat. budget) The feasibility of open charm measurement has been investigated for two scenarios: The feasibility of open charm measurement has been investigated for two scenarios: No pile up and analogue readout Pile up 5 and digital readout

45. … and Conclusion (1) Due to the relatively long t int ( = 30 µs ) of the MVD, it is important to operate with pile up and measure higher statistics of D 0 particles. Due to the relatively long t int ( = 30 µs ) of the MVD, it is important to operate with pile up and measure higher statistics of D 0 particles. The event pile up causes a high occupancy in the MVD and introduces difficulties in the track reconstruction. The event pile up causes a high occupancy in the MVD and introduces difficulties in the track reconstruction. The loss in precision of the track reconstruction causes a drop in the efficiency of the selection cuts with increasing pile up. The loss in precision of the track reconstruction causes a drop in the efficiency of the selection cuts with increasing pile up.

46. … and Conclusion (2) The inefficiency of cuts suggests that open charm measurement with pile up of 10 collisions is very difficult with the current CBM setup. The inefficiency of cuts suggests that open charm measurement with pile up of 10 collisions is very difficult with the current CBM setup. Open charm reconstruction with a pile up of 5 collisions shows higher significance but very low S/B with respect to no pile up. Open charm reconstruction with a pile up of 5 collisions shows higher significance but very low S/B with respect to no pile up. Further improvements in the CBM setup are needed in order to increase the background rejection efficiency with increasing pile up. Further improvements in the CBM setup are needed in order to increase the background rejection efficiency with increasing pile up.

47. Proposal for improvements : Hardware: Invest effort on R&D for developing a MIMOSIS2 with shorter integration time. Invest effort on R&D for developing a MIMOSIS2 with shorter integration time. Explore different MVD geometries Explore different MVD geometries move the 1 st MVD a few cm more downstream to reduce occupancies move the 1 st MVD a few cm more downstream to reduce occupancies vary detector shapes vary detector shapes Magnetic Field Magnetic Field : Software: Use timestamp from STS to match tracks and hits from pile up Use timestamp from STS to match tracks and hits from pile up Improve the MVD Hit reconstruction algorithm in order to disentangle close hits (pattern recognition) Improve the MVD Hit reconstruction algorithm in order to disentangle close hits (pattern recognition) Adapt tracking to the input of pattern recognition. Adapt tracking to the input of pattern recognition.

48. Backup

50. 0°0° Initial Version

51. 15°

52. 30°

53. 45°

54. 60°

55. Luminosity Process Cross Section Detection Efficiency Significance