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Introduction to animals
Copyright cmassengale copyright cmassengale
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Traits copyright cmassengale
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Characteristics of Animals
All multicellular (metazoans) Eukaryotes (cells with nucleus & organelles) Ingestive heterotrophs (take in food and internally digest it) Store food reserves as glycogen copyright cmassengale
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Support Systems Have some type of skeletal support
Endoskeleton inside and made of cartilage &/or bone(Vertebrates) Exoskeletons found in arthropods Cover the outside of the body Limit size Must be molted making animal vulnerable to predators copyright cmassengale
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Cicada Molting Exoskeleton
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Support Systems Worms and echinoderms (starfish) have fluid-filled internal cavities giving them support Called hydrostatic skeletons copyright cmassengale
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Movement Animals such as sponges may be sessile (attached & non-moving) Animals that move very little are said to be sedentary (clam) Animals that can move are motile Have muscular tissue to provide energy for movement copyright cmassengale
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SESSILE SEDENTARY Chiton Sponge MOTILE Cheetah copyright cmassengale
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Reproduction in Animals
All animals are capable of sexual reproduction Some animals like sponges and earthworms are hermaphrodites producing both eggs and sperm Hermaphrodites may exchange sperm and NOT fertilize their own eggs copyright cmassengale
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Reproduction in Animals
Females of some animals produce eggs, but the eggs develop without being fertilized Called Parthenogenesis New offspring will be all female Parthenogenesis occurs in some fishes, several kinds of insects, and a few species of frogs and lizards copyright cmassengale
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Parthenogenesis in the Komodo Dragon
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Levels of Organization
Sponges are the ONLY animals that have just the cellular level All other animals show these levels – cell, tissue, organ, and system Cells may specialize (take own different shapes and functions) Cells are held together by cell junctions to form tissues copyright cmassengale
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Levels of Organization
Molecule or compound Atom Organelle Levels of Organization CELL Life begins Tissue Organ Organ system Organism copyright cmassengale
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Invertebrate groups copyright cmassengale
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Characteristics of Invertebrates
Simplest animals Contain the greatest number of different species (2 million) Most are aquatic (found in water) Do NOT have a backbone Includes sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, annelids, mollusks, arthropods, and echinoderms copyright cmassengale
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Sponge - Porifera Osculum of Sponge copyright cmassengale
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Sea Anemone - Cnidaria Tentacles of Sea Anemone copyright cmassengale
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More Cnidarians Brain Coral Red jellyfish copyright cmassengale
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Flatworms - Platyhelminthes
Marine Flatworm Planarian copyright cmassengale
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Roundworms (Nematoda) and Segmented Worms (Annelida)
Nematode Leech (segmented worm) copyright cmassengale
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Mollusca (With and Without Shells)
snail scallop octopus nudibranch nautilus copyright cmassengale
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Arthropoda (insects, spiders, crustaceans, horseshoe crab)
crayfish Horseshoe crab Dung beetle copyright cmassengale
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Echinoderms starfish Sea fan (crinoid) Brittle star Sand dollar
Sea cucumber copyright cmassengale
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Vertebrate Groups copyright cmassengale
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Vertebrata More complex animals (58,000 species)
Most have a backbone made up of individual bones called vertebrae From simplest to most complex, the phylum includes: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals copyright cmassengale
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Vertebrate Backbone copyright cmassengale
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Vertebrata Vertebrates have endoskeletons (internal)
Some vertebrates have skeletons of cartilage (sharks, rays, and skates) Other vertebrates have skeletons of bone and cartilage (reptiles, birds, & mammals) copyright cmassengale
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Fish lancelet ray damselfish anglerfish copyright cmassengale
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Amphibia salamander toad frog newt copyright cmassengale
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Reptilia Turtle Snake Lizard Alligator copyright cmassengale
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Birds - Aves hummingbird ostrich lovebirds copyright cmassengale
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Mammalia copyright cmassengale
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Body Areas copyright cmassengale
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Surfaces Dorsal – back or upper surface
Ventral – belly or lower surface Anterior – head or front end Posterior – tail or hind end opposite the head Oral surface (echinoderms) – is where the mouth is located (underside) Aboral surface (echinoderms) – is opposite the mouth (top side) copyright cmassengale
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Surfaces (Most Animals)
DORSAL POSTERIOR ANTERIOR VENTRAL copyright cmassengale
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Surfaces (Echinoderms)
ORAL ABORAL mouth copyright cmassengale
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Symmetry copyright cmassengale
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Body Symmetry copyright cmassengale
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Body Symmetry Symmetry is the arrangement of body parts around a central plane or axis Asymmetry occurs when the body can’t be divided into similar sections (sponges) copyright cmassengale
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Body Symmetry Radial symmetry occurs when body parts are arranged around a central point like spokes on a wheel (echinoderms) Most animals with radial symmetry are sessile (attached) or sedentary (move very little) copyright cmassengale
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Body Symmetry Bilateral symmetry occurs when animals can be divided into equal halves along a single plane Organisms will have right and left sides that are mirror images of each other More complex type of symmetry copyright cmassengale
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Body Symmetry Animals with bilateral symmetry are usually motile
Animals have an anterior and posterior ends Show cephalization (concentration of sensory organs on the head or anterior end) copyright cmassengale
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Segmentation copyright cmassengale
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Segmentation Occurs whenever animal bodies are divided into repeating units or segments Found in more complex animals Earthworms show external segmentation Humans show internal segmentation (backbone) Segments may fuse (cephalothorax) copyright cmassengale
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Segmentation cephalothorax copyright cmassengale
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Tissues copyright cmassengale
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Tissue Development Stage One
Cleavage- Zygote (fertilized egg) undergoes rapid cell divisions called cleavage Forms a hollow ball of cells called the blastula copyright cmassengale
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Blastula The blastocoel is the center cavity of the blastula with 1 germ layer (blastoderm) copyright cmassengale
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Tissue Development Stage 2-Gastrulation
The blastula INVAGINATES (folds inward at one point) forming a GASTRULA The opening is called the blastopore The center is the primitive gut or Archenteron Archenteron blastopore copyright cmassengale
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Tissue Development Blastopore may become the mouth (Protostome) or anus (Deuterostome) Protostomes (mollusks, arthropods, & annelids) Deuterostomes (echinoderms & vertebrates) Some animals form a middle germ layer called mesoderm copyright cmassengale
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Embryonic Development
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Germ Layers Form tissues, organs, & systems NOT present in sponges
Ectoderm (outer) – forms the outer layer of skin, nails, hair and the nervous system including sense organs. Endoderm (inner) – lining of the urinary, reproductive and digestive systems. Also forms the pancreas liver, lungs and gills Mesoderm (middle) – forms skeleton, muscles, circulatory system & other systems copyright cmassengale
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Body Layers (Germ Layers)
Sponges have NO tissues or organs, only specialized cells Cnidarians like jellyfish & coral have only two body layers(Endo and Ecto). One body opening (mouth/anus) called gastrovascular cavity Cnidarians have outer epidermis & inner gastrodermis with jelly-like mesoglea between the layers copyright cmassengale
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Body Layers (Germ Layers)
All worms, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, and vertebrates have three cell layers Ectoderm Endoderm mesoderm copyright cmassengale
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Protostomes “First Mouth”
Types of development of embryos in animals with a coelom the blastopore develops into a mouth, and a second opening forms at the other end of the archenteron, forming an anus. Undergo spiral cleavage process of coelom formation is called schizocoely or “split body cavity.” mollusks, arthropods, & annelids
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Deuterostomes “Second Mouth”
Types of development of embryo in animals with a coelom the blastopore develops into an anus, and a second opening at the other end of the archenteron becomes the mouth. Undergo radial cleavage This process of coelom formation is called enterocoely which means “gut body cavity.” echinoderms & vertebrates
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Embryonic Cleavage copyright cmassengale
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Cleavage Cleavage – rapid mitosis (cell division) of zygote
Radial Cleavage – cells divide parallel or perpendicular to axis to each other copyright cmassengale
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Cleavage Spiral Cleavage – cellular divisions occur diagonally, in a twisting pattern copyright cmassengale
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Body Cavities copyright cmassengale
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Coelom - Body Cavity Internal body cavity fully lined with mesoderm
Body organs suspended in this cavity Mollusks, annelids, arthropods, chordates, and echinoderms are coelomates copyright cmassengale
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Coelom - Body Cavity Acoelomate animals have solid bodies filled with cells and tissues Acoelomate animals include sponges, cnidarians, & flatworms copyright cmassengale
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Coelom - Body Cavity Pseudocoelomate animals (roundworms) have a functional body cavity NOT fully lined with mesoderm copyright cmassengale
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