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Introduction to animals

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Presentation on theme: "Introduction to animals"— Presentation transcript:

1 Introduction to animals
Copyright cmassengale copyright cmassengale

2 Traits copyright cmassengale

3 Characteristics of Animals
All multicellular (metazoans) Eukaryotes (cells with nucleus & organelles) Ingestive heterotrophs (take in food and internally digest it) Store food reserves as glycogen copyright cmassengale

4 Support Systems Have some type of skeletal support
Endoskeleton inside and made of cartilage &/or bone(Vertebrates) Exoskeletons found in arthropods Cover the outside of the body Limit size Must be molted making animal vulnerable to predators copyright cmassengale

5 Cicada Molting Exoskeleton
copyright cmassengale

6 Support Systems Worms and echinoderms (starfish) have fluid-filled internal cavities giving them support Called hydrostatic skeletons copyright cmassengale

7 Movement Animals such as sponges may be sessile (attached & non-moving) Animals that move very little are said to be sedentary (clam) Animals that can move are motile Have muscular tissue to provide energy for movement copyright cmassengale

8 SESSILE SEDENTARY Chiton Sponge MOTILE Cheetah copyright cmassengale

9 Reproduction in Animals
All animals are capable of sexual reproduction Some animals like sponges and earthworms are hermaphrodites producing both eggs and sperm Hermaphrodites may exchange sperm and NOT fertilize their own eggs copyright cmassengale

10 Reproduction in Animals
Females of some animals produce eggs, but the eggs develop without being fertilized Called Parthenogenesis New offspring will be all female Parthenogenesis occurs in some fishes, several kinds of insects, and a few species of frogs and lizards copyright cmassengale

11 Parthenogenesis in the Komodo Dragon
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12 Levels of Organization
Sponges are the ONLY animals that have just the cellular level All other animals show these levels – cell, tissue, organ, and system Cells may specialize (take own different shapes and functions) Cells are held together by cell junctions to form tissues copyright cmassengale

13 Levels of Organization
Molecule or compound Atom Organelle Levels of Organization CELL Life begins Tissue Organ Organ system Organism copyright cmassengale

14 Invertebrate groups copyright cmassengale

15 Characteristics of Invertebrates
Simplest animals Contain the greatest number of different species (2 million) Most are aquatic (found in water) Do NOT have a backbone Includes sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, annelids, mollusks, arthropods, and echinoderms copyright cmassengale

16 Sponge - Porifera Osculum of Sponge copyright cmassengale

17 Sea Anemone - Cnidaria Tentacles of Sea Anemone copyright cmassengale

18 More Cnidarians Brain Coral Red jellyfish copyright cmassengale

19 Flatworms - Platyhelminthes
Marine Flatworm Planarian copyright cmassengale

20 Roundworms (Nematoda) and Segmented Worms (Annelida)
Nematode Leech (segmented worm) copyright cmassengale

21 Mollusca (With and Without Shells)
snail scallop octopus nudibranch nautilus copyright cmassengale

22 Arthropoda (insects, spiders, crustaceans, horseshoe crab)
crayfish Horseshoe crab Dung beetle copyright cmassengale

23 Echinoderms starfish Sea fan (crinoid) Brittle star Sand dollar
Sea cucumber copyright cmassengale

24 Vertebrate Groups copyright cmassengale

25 Vertebrata More complex animals (58,000 species)
Most have a backbone made up of individual bones called vertebrae From simplest to most complex, the phylum includes: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals copyright cmassengale

26 Vertebrate Backbone copyright cmassengale

27 Vertebrata Vertebrates have endoskeletons (internal)
Some vertebrates have skeletons of cartilage (sharks, rays, and skates) Other vertebrates have skeletons of bone and cartilage (reptiles, birds, & mammals) copyright cmassengale

28 Fish lancelet ray damselfish anglerfish copyright cmassengale

29 Amphibia salamander toad frog newt copyright cmassengale

30 Reptilia Turtle Snake Lizard Alligator copyright cmassengale

31 Birds - Aves hummingbird ostrich lovebirds copyright cmassengale

32 Mammalia copyright cmassengale

33 Body Areas copyright cmassengale

34 Surfaces Dorsal – back or upper surface
Ventral – belly or lower surface Anterior – head or front end Posterior – tail or hind end opposite the head Oral surface (echinoderms) – is where the mouth is located (underside) Aboral surface (echinoderms) – is opposite the mouth (top side) copyright cmassengale

35 Surfaces (Most Animals)
DORSAL POSTERIOR ANTERIOR VENTRAL copyright cmassengale

36 Surfaces (Echinoderms)
ORAL ABORAL mouth copyright cmassengale

37 Symmetry copyright cmassengale

38 Body Symmetry copyright cmassengale

39 Body Symmetry Symmetry is the arrangement of body parts around a central plane or axis Asymmetry occurs when the body can’t be divided into similar sections (sponges) copyright cmassengale

40 Body Symmetry Radial symmetry occurs when body parts are arranged around a central point like spokes on a wheel (echinoderms) Most animals with radial symmetry are sessile (attached) or sedentary (move very little) copyright cmassengale

41 copyright cmassengale

42 Body Symmetry Bilateral symmetry occurs when animals can be divided into equal halves along a single plane Organisms will have right and left sides that are mirror images of each other More complex type of symmetry copyright cmassengale

43 Body Symmetry Animals with bilateral symmetry are usually motile
Animals have an anterior and posterior ends Show cephalization (concentration of sensory organs on the head or anterior end) copyright cmassengale

44 copyright cmassengale

45 Segmentation copyright cmassengale

46 Segmentation Occurs whenever animal bodies are divided into repeating units or segments Found in more complex animals Earthworms show external segmentation Humans show internal segmentation (backbone) Segments may fuse (cephalothorax) copyright cmassengale

47 Segmentation cephalothorax copyright cmassengale

48 Tissues copyright cmassengale

49 Tissue Development Stage One
Cleavage- Zygote (fertilized egg) undergoes rapid cell divisions called cleavage Forms a hollow ball of cells called the blastula copyright cmassengale

50 Blastula The blastocoel is the center cavity of the blastula with 1 germ layer (blastoderm) copyright cmassengale

51 Tissue Development Stage 2-Gastrulation
The blastula INVAGINATES (folds inward at one point) forming a GASTRULA The opening is called the blastopore The center is the primitive gut or Archenteron Archenteron blastopore copyright cmassengale

52 Tissue Development Blastopore may become the mouth (Protostome) or anus (Deuterostome) Protostomes (mollusks, arthropods, & annelids) Deuterostomes (echinoderms & vertebrates) Some animals form a middle germ layer called mesoderm copyright cmassengale

53 Embryonic Development
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54 Germ Layers Form tissues, organs, & systems NOT present in sponges
Ectoderm (outer) – forms the outer layer of skin, nails, hair and the nervous system including sense organs. Endoderm (inner) – lining of the urinary, reproductive and digestive systems. Also forms the pancreas liver, lungs and gills Mesoderm (middle) – forms skeleton, muscles, circulatory system & other systems copyright cmassengale

55 Body Layers (Germ Layers)
Sponges have NO tissues or organs, only specialized cells Cnidarians like jellyfish & coral have only two body layers(Endo and Ecto). One body opening (mouth/anus) called gastrovascular cavity Cnidarians have outer epidermis & inner gastrodermis with jelly-like mesoglea between the layers copyright cmassengale

56 Body Layers (Germ Layers)
All worms, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, and vertebrates have three cell layers Ectoderm Endoderm mesoderm copyright cmassengale

57 Protostomes “First Mouth”
Types of development of embryos in animals with a coelom the blastopore develops into a mouth, and a second opening forms at the other end of the archenteron, forming an anus. Undergo spiral cleavage process of coelom formation is called schizocoely or “split body cavity.” mollusks, arthropods, & annelids

58 Deuterostomes “Second Mouth”
Types of development of embryo in animals with a coelom the blastopore develops into an anus, and a second opening at the other end of the archenteron becomes the mouth. Undergo radial cleavage This process of coelom formation is called enterocoely which means “gut body cavity.” echinoderms & vertebrates

59 Embryonic Cleavage copyright cmassengale

60 Cleavage Cleavage – rapid mitosis (cell division) of zygote
Radial Cleavage – cells divide parallel or perpendicular to axis to each other copyright cmassengale

61 Cleavage Spiral Cleavage – cellular divisions occur diagonally, in a twisting pattern copyright cmassengale

62 copyright cmassengale

63 Body Cavities copyright cmassengale

64 Coelom - Body Cavity Internal body cavity fully lined with mesoderm
Body organs suspended in this cavity Mollusks, annelids, arthropods, chordates, and echinoderms are coelomates copyright cmassengale

65 Coelom - Body Cavity Acoelomate animals have solid bodies filled with cells and tissues Acoelomate animals include sponges, cnidarians, & flatworms copyright cmassengale

66 Coelom - Body Cavity Pseudocoelomate animals (roundworms) have a functional body cavity NOT fully lined with mesoderm copyright cmassengale


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