1. Perspectives, Research, and Moving Forward April 10, 2008 Mandy Carr, Ph. D. Executive Director, Beef Safety Research National Cattlemen’s Beef Association

2. Beef Industry’s Commitment to Safety History to the approach History to the approach Focus 880,000+ cattle at 35+ processing facilities Focus 880,000+ cattle at 35+ processing facilities This began efforts to develop multiple interventions This began efforts to develop multiple interventions Stocker Feedlot Packer Processor Retailer Foodservice Consumer Seed Stock Cow/Calf 800,000+ 2,700 85% 35 95% 280,000,000+

3. 19921994199620021998200020042008 2008 Video of BPs Carcass microbial mapping 2003 E. coli Summit 1997 Founding of BIFSCo Steam/thermal pasteurization Acidified sodium chlorite Steam vacuum Organic acid wash Safety Interventions & Best Practices 1993 Blue Ribbon Task Force 2006 Best Practice evolution and Safety Summits 1990 Hide wash Cattle washing Vaccine Sodium chlorate On farm ecology Neomycin Direct fed microbials 2006 BIFSCo cited as model for other industries Transportation and lairage

4. Beef Industry’s Commitment to Safety Interventions (at plant, part of post-harvest) Interventions (at plant, part of post-harvest) Hide on wash Water Water Water w/chemical Water w/chemical

5. Sprays Sprays Organic acids - lactic, acetic Organic acids - lactic, acetic Acidified sodium chlorite Acidified sodium chlorite Temperature Temperature Hot water Hot water Steam vacuum Steam vacuum Steam pasteurization Steam pasteurization

6. Carcass Interventions

7. Beef Industry’s Commitment to Safety Many options available Many options available Industry’s dedication to implementation Industry’s dedication to implementation

8. 19921994199620021998200020042008 2008 Video of BPs Carcass microbial mapping 2003 E. coli Summit 1997 Founding of BIFSCo Steam/thermal pasteurization Acidified sodium chlorite Steam vacuum Organic acid wash Safety Interventions & Best Practices 1993 Blue Ribbon Task Force 2006 Best Practice evolution and Safety Summits 1990 Hide wash Cattle washing Vaccine Sodium chlorate On farm ecology Neomycin Direct fed microbials 2006 BIFSCo cited as model for other industries Transportation and lairage

9. Beef Industry’s Commitment to Safety Key knowledge learned for pre-harvest Key knowledge learned for pre-harvest Hides Hides Transfer to the carcass Transfer to the carcass

10. Beef Industry’s Commitment to Safety Interventions (at plant pre-harvest) Interventions (at plant pre-harvest) Live wash Live wash

11. Beef Industry’s Commitment to Safety Key knowledge for pre-harvest Key knowledge for pre-harvest Environment Environment

12. Prevalence of food-borne pathogens in air samples collected from clean loadout areas and dirty, dusty loadout areas in beef feedyards

13. Pen12345678910Total # of Animal 35363032303129323232319 Sep Feces % Positive 66737336635 Oct Feces % Positive 4367601983361047221640 Nov Feces % Positive 3461673867391072633849 Dec Feces % Positive 26428331432673834634 Jan Feces % Positive 38106233319338 Feb Feces % Positive 007017306003 Mar Feces % Positive 0000103361303 Apr 04 Feces % Positive 003030030132 Apr 18 Feces % Positive 3000000099411 May 02 Feces % Positive 00000330198811 Fecal prevalence for E. coli O157:H7

14. Pen12345678910Total # of Animal 35363032303129323232319 Sep Hide % Positive 3742606673717947412854 Oct Hide % Positive 891001009410010010010010010098 Nov Hide % Positive 9110010010097100979710010098 Dec Hide % Positive 49971001001001008688388484 Jan Hide % Positive 39267161008752100784764 Feb Hide % Positive 31113997163849324 Mar Hide % Positive 000060133310010 Apr 04 Hide % Positive 000071914339714 Apr 18 Hide % Positive 66446356278459389410063 May 02 Hide % Positive 317063006449117 Hide prevalence for E. coli O157:H7

15. Beef Industry’s Commitment to Safety Interventions (prior to plant pre-harvest) Interventions (prior to plant pre-harvest) Research to demonstrate effectiveness Research to demonstrate effectiveness In approval process In approval process Direct Fed Microbials Direct Fed Microbials Approved for animal health and performance, NOT as a pre- harvest intervention for pathogens Approved for animal health and performance, NOT as a pre- harvest intervention for pathogens

16. Cumulative proportion of steers that were positive culture-positive for E. coli O157:H7 by treatment group and by sampling period.

17. 4 Year Cumulative Summary Reduction of E. coli O157 in Beef Feedlot Cattle Using NP 51

18. Beef Industry’s Commitment to Safety Interventions (prior to plant pre-harvest) Interventions (prior to plant pre-harvest) Phages Phages Viruses that target specific bacteria Viruses that target specific bacteria Have been widely used in Eastern Europe in place of antibiotics Have been widely used in Eastern Europe in place of antibiotics Invade targeted bacteria, replicate, kill the bacterium, but not other bacteria Invade targeted bacteria, replicate, kill the bacterium, but not other bacteria

20. Beef Industry’s Commitment to Safety Interventions (prior to plant pre-harvest) Interventions (prior to plant pre-harvest) Sodium chlorate Sodium chlorate Phages target and invade specific bacteria Chlorate kills bacteria that have the enzyme nitrate reductase only Kills E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella but not other bacteria

21. E. coli O157:H7 in cows

22. Beef Industry’s Commitment to Safety Interventions (prior to plant pre-harvest) Interventions (prior to plant pre-harvest) Neomycin Neomycin Labeled for use in cattle Labeled for use in cattle ‘treatment and control of colibacillosis (bacterial enteritis) caused by Escherichia coli’ ‘treatment and control of colibacillosis (bacterial enteritis) caused by Escherichia coli’ In-feed and in-water preparations In-feed and in-water preparations 1-day withdrawal period 1-day withdrawal period

23. O157 Reduction in Prev Feces – 98.2% Hides – 95% Theuninck - Cargill O157 Reduction in Prev Feces – 100% Hides – 78.9% Belk - CSU

24. Beef Industry’s Commitment to Safety http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPHS/ecoltest.htm Interventions (prior to plant pre-harvest) Interventions (prior to plant pre-harvest) Vaccines Vaccines

25. Challenge Study

26. Measure of effectMagnitude Vaccine Efficacy(%)86% reduction Concentration98% reduction PerformanceNo effect (P>0.60) Both comparisons associated with P ≤ 0.02

27. “ The most important finding of this study was that vaccinated cattle were less likely to be colonized at the TRM. ” “ Vaccinated cattle were 98.3 percent less likely to be colonized by E. coli O157:H7 in TRM (odds ratio = 0.014, P<0.0001). ”

28. Cattle in the vaccinated region were 62% less likely to shed E. coli O157:H7 than cattle in the unvaccinated region (p=0.002) Within commingled pens vaccinated cattle were 58% less likely to shed E. coli O157:H7 than unvaccinated cattle (p=0.005)

29. Beef Industry’s Commitment to Safety Interventions, both pre- and post-harvest are vital parts of a system of hurdles in beef production and processing Interventions, both pre- and post-harvest are vital parts of a system of hurdles in beef production and processing No “silver-bullet” for common application and because of the multi-hurdle system, one intervention does not have to be No “silver-bullet” for common application and because of the multi-hurdle system, one intervention does not have to be

30.  These procedures cannot be applied to replace… Good manufacturing practices such as: Good manufacturing practices such as: Equipment hygiene during production Equipment hygiene during production Employee hygiene and hand washing Employee hygiene and hand washing Sanitation – before, during and after operations Sanitation – before, during and after operations Proper chilling: Proper chilling: proper time & temperature proper time & temperature product and carcass spacing to insure air flow product and carcass spacing to insure air flow Continuous employee training for proper technique Continuous employee training for proper technique

31. Beef Safety FY 2007 Priorities Pathogen Management Pathogen Management Pre-harvest - pathogen ecology, management practices, interventions Pre-harvest - pathogen ecology, management practices, interventions Post-harvest – sustained activity of multiple interventions Post-harvest – sustained activity of multiple interventions Key knowledge Key knowledgeNon-O157 In 10,159 samples (carcass, trim and ground beef), 15 isolates are serotypes that match CDC top 6; a fraction of these have the ability to cause disease In 10,159 samples (carcass, trim and ground beef), 15 isolates are serotypes that match CDC top 6; a fraction of these have the ability to cause disease

32. Distillers grains Few studies Few studies Variations of corn with DG Variations of corn with DG Conflicting data - too early to tell Conflicting data - too early to tell MDR Salmonella Strains in cattle not the same as those linked to human illness Strains in cattle not the same as those linked to human illness Effectiveness of interventions MDR Salmonella MDR Salmonella Non-O157 Non-O157 O157 O157 Salmonella Salmonella

33. Beef Industry Food Safety Council Beef Industry Food Safety Council Best practices evolvement Best practices evolvement Beef Industry Safety Summit Beef Industry Safety Summit Unify industry to address major safety issues Unify industry to address major safety issues www.bifsco.org update and redesign www.bifsco.org update and redesign www.bifsco.org

34. Education/Dissemination Education/Dissemination Research Annual Report Research Annual Report Fact sheets, executive summaries, web resources Fact sheets, executive summaries, web resources Develop educational modules and meetings Develop educational modules and meetings Host industry meetings Host industry meetings www.beefresearch.org www.beefresearch.org www.beefresearch.org

35. Beef Safety FY 2008 Priorities Safety Threat Research Safety Threat Research Pre-harvest – pathogen ecology, management practices, interventions, emerging pathogens, resistance development Pre-harvest – pathogen ecology, management practices, interventions, emerging pathogens, resistance development Post-harvest – survey use of BP and interventions, risk assessment for processed product, optimization of current interventions Post-harvest – survey use of BP and interventions, risk assessment for processed product, optimization of current interventions Projects completed May 2009 Projects completed May 2009

36. Safety Threat Monitoring Safety Threat Monitoring BIFSCo BIFSCo Safety Summit Safety Summit Small plant outreach Small plant outreach Best Practices Best Practices Videos Videos Implementation & Knowledge Transfer Implementation & Knowledge Transfer Annual report, executive summaries, white papers, fact sheets Annual report, executive summaries, white papers, fact sheets Web resources Web resources

37. 19921994199620021998200020042008 2008 Video of BPs Carcass microbial mapping 2003 E. coli Summit 1997 Founding of BIFSCo Steam/thermal pasteurization Acidified sodium chlorite Steam vacuum Organic acid wash Safety Interventions & Best Practices 1993 Blue Ribbon Task Force 2006 Best Practice evolution and Safety Summits 1990 Hide wash Cattle washing Vaccine Sodium chlorate On farm ecology Neomycin Direct fed microbials 2006 BIFSCo cited as model for other industries Transportation and lairage

38. Perspectives, Research, and Moving Forward Mandy Carr, Ph.D. Executive Director, Beef Safety Research National Cattlemen’s Beef Association