1. Data and Applications Security Developments and Directions Dr. Bhavani Thuraisingham The University of Texas at Dallas Emerging Security Technologies Biometrics Digital Forensics December 2011

2. Outline l Digital Identity Management l Identity Theft Management l Digital Forensics l Digital Watermarking l Risk Analysis l Economic Analysis l Secure Electronic Voting Machines l Biometrics l Other Applications

3. Digital Identity Management l Digital identity is the identity that a user has to access an electronic resource l A person could have multiple identities - A physician could have an identity to access medical resources and another to access his bank accounts l Digital identity management is about managing the multiple identities - Manage databases that store and retrieve identities - Resolve conflicts and heterogeneity - Make associations - Provide security l Ontology management for identity management is an emerging research area

4. Digital Identity Management - II l Federated Identity Management - Corporations work with each other across organizational boundaries with the concept of federated identity - Each corporation has its own identity and may belong to multiple federations - Individual identity management within an organization and federated identity management across organizations l Technologies for identity management - Database management, data mining, ontology management, federated computing

5. Identity Theft Management l Need for secure identity management - Ease the burden of managing numerous identities - Prevent misuse of identity: preventing identity theft l Identity theft is stealing another person’s digital identity l Techniques for preventing identity thefts include - Access control, Encryption, Digital Signatures - A merchant encrypts the data and signs with the public key of the recipient - Recipient decrypts with his private key

6. Digital Forensics l Digital forensics is about the investigation of Cyber crime l Follows the procedures established for Forensic medicine l The steps include the following: - When a computer crime occurs, law enforcement officials who are cyber crime experts gather every piece of evidence including information from the crime scene (i.e. from the computer) - Gather profiles of terrorists - Use history information - Carry out analysis

7. Digital Forensics - II l Digital Forensics Techniques - Intrusion detection - Data Mining - Analyzing log files - Use criminal profiling and develop a psychological profiling - Analyze email messages l Lawyers, Psychologists, Sociologists, Crime investigators and Technologists have to worm together l International Journal of Digital Evidence is a useful source

8. Steganography and Digital Watermarking l Steganography is about hiding information within other information - E.g., hidden information is the message that terrorist may be sending to their pees in different parts of the worlds - Information may be hidden in valid texts, images, films etc. - Difficult to be detected by the unsuspecting human l Steganalysis is about developing techniques that can analyze text, images, video and detect hidden messages - May use data mining techniques to detect hidden patters l Steganograophy makes the task of the Cyber crime expert difficult as he/she ahs to analyze for hidden information - Communication protocols are being developed

9. Steganography and Digital Watermarking - II l Digital water marking is about inserting information without being detected for valid purposes - It has applications in copyright protection - A manufacturer may use digital watermarking to copyright a particular music or video without being noticed - When music is copies and copyright is violated, one can detect two the real owner is by examining the copyright embedded in the music or video

10. Risk/Cost Analysis l Analyzing risks - Before installing a secure system or a network one needs to conduct a risk analysis study - What are the threats? What are the risks? l Various types of risk analysis methods - Quantitative approach: Events are ranked in the order of risks and decisions are made based on then risks Qualitative approach: estimates are used for risks l Security vs Cost - If risks are high and damage is significant then it may be worth the cost of incorporating security; If risks and damage are not high, then security may be an additional cost burden l Economists and technologists need to work together - Develop cost models; Cost vs. Risk/Threat study

11. Secure Electronic Voting Machines l We are slowly migrating to electronic voting machines l Current electronic machines have many security vulnerabilities l A person can log into the system multiple times from different parts of the country and cast his/her vote l Insufficient techniques for ensuring that a person can vote only once l The systems may be attacked and compromised l Solutions are being developed l Johns Hopkins University is one of the leaders in the field of secure electronic voting machines

12. Biometrics l Early Identication and Authentication (I&A) systems, were based on passwords l Recently physical characteristics of a person are being sued for identification - Fingerprinting - Facial features - Iris scans - Blood circulation - Facial expressions l Biometrics techniques will provide access not only to computers but also to building and homes l Other Applications

13. Data Mining for Biometrics l Determine the data to be analyzed - Data may be stored in biometric databases - Data may be text, images, video, etc. l Data may be grouped using classification techniques l As new data arrives determine the group this data belongs to - Pattern matching, Classification l Determine what the new data is depending on the prior examples and experiments l Determine whether the new data is abnormal or normal behavior l Challenge: False positives, False negatives

14. Secure Biometrics l Biometrics systems have to be secure l Need to study the attacks for biometrics systems l Facial features may be modified: - E.g., One can access by inserting another person’s features - Attacks on biometric databases is a major concern l Challenge is to develop a secure biometric systems

15. Other Applications l Email security - Encryption - Filtering - Data mining l Benchmarking - Benchmarks for secure queries and transactions l Simulation and performance studies l Security for machine translation and text summarization l Covert channel analysis l Robotics security - Need to ensure policies are enforced correctly when operating robots

16. Introduction to Biometrics Dr. Bhavani Thuraisingham The University of Texas at Dallas Introduction to Biometrics

17. Outline l Introduction to Biometrics - What is Biometrics? - What is the Process? - Why Biometrics? l Biometrics Resources l What is Secure Biometrics l Revisiting Topics to be covered l Some exploratory research areas l Some useful reference books

18. What is Biometrics? l Biometrics are automated methods of recognizing a person based on a physiological or behavioral characteristic l Features measured: Face, Fingerprints, Hand geometry, handwriting, Iris, Retinal, Vein and Voice l Identification and personal certification solutions for highly secure applications l Numerous applications: medical, financial, child care, computer access etc.

19. What is the Process? l Three-steps: Capture-Process-Verification l Capture: A raw biometric is captured by a sensing device such as fingerprint scanner or video camera l Process: The distinguishing characteristics are extracted from the raw biometrics sample and converted into a processed biometric identifier record - Called biometric sample or template l Verification and Identification - Matching the enrolled biometric sample against a single record; is the person really what he claims to be? - Matching a biometric sample against a database of identifiers

20. Why Biometrics? l Biometrics replaces Traditional Authentication Methods l Provides better security l More convenient l Better accountability l Applications on Fraud detection and Fraud deterrence l Dual purpose - Cyber Security and National Security

21. Why Biometrics? (Continued) l Authentication mechanisms often used are User ID and Passwords l However password mechanisms have vulnerabilities - Stealing passwords etc. l Biometrics systems are less prone to attacks l Need sophisticated techniques for attacks - Cannot steal facial features and fingerprints - Need sophisticated image processing techniques for modifying facial features

22. Why Biometrics? (Continued) l Biometrics systems are more convenient l Need not have multiple passwords or difficult passwords - E.g., characters, numbers and special symbols - Need not remember passwords l Need not carry any cards or tokens l Better accountability - Can determine who accessed the system with less complexity

23. Why Biometrics? (Concluded) l Dual Purpose - Cyber Security and National Security l Access to computer systems and networks l Fraud detection - Who has intruded the system? - Who has entered the building - Surveillance and monitoring l Fraud Deterrence - Because of biometrics systems, people are nervous to commit crimes - Stealing from supermarkets and shops, etc.

24. Biometrics Resources l Biometrics Consortium is the major resource - www.biometrics.org www.biometrics.org l Another Resource - http://www.biometricsinfo.org/ http://www.biometricsinfo.org/ l Has Information on - Who is doing what l Academia, Industry and Government - White papers on Biometrics technologies l Fingerprint detection, facial recognition, Iris scanning, - - - -

25. Biometrics Resources: What is academia doing? l Michigan State University - Developing algorithms for fingerprint detection, etc. l West Virginia University - Forensic identification initiative l San Jose State University - Mathematical concepts

26. Biometrics Resources: What is Industry doing? l Focus is on building faster and cheaper devices l More accuracy, less false positives and negatives l Incorporating biometrics into mobile devices, Smartcards l Biometrics in healthcare: delivering medication to correct patients l Biometrics in child care: Children are picked up by those authorized l Protecting digital content - Ensuring that voice and video are not altered Vendors: http://www.biometricsinfo.org/vendors.htmhttp://www.biometricsinfo.org/vendors.htm

27. Biometrics Resources: What is Government doing? l NSA (National Security Agency) - Research on protecting critical information systems l DoD (Department of Defense) - Biometrics Management Office - Provide Armed forces access to Biometrics systems for combat operations l DHS (Department of Homeland Security; Immigration and Nationalization Service) - Biometrics technologies at Airports l NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technologies) - Major player in Biometrics

28. Activities of NIST l Measurements, Testing and Standards is NIST’s mission l Focus on Biometrics Standards l Activities - Biometrics Consortium - Common Biometric Exchange File Format - Biometric Interoperability, Performance and Assurance Working Group - BioAPI Consortium - Various Standards

29. Activities of NIST (Continued) l Biometrics Consortium is the Government focal point for research, development and testing of Biometric products and technologies l Common Biometric Exchange File Format is a product of the consortium to develop common fingerprint template formats l Biometrics Interoperability working group promotes common definitions and concepts for exchanging information between national and international partners l BioAPI consortium develops common Application Programming Interfaces for biometrics technologies

30. Activities of NIST (Concluded) l NIST is developing standards for the following: - Finger image format for data Interchange - Face image format for data interchange - Iris image format for data interchange - Signature image format for data interchange l NIST is working with International standards organizations for joint standards - ISO (International Standards Organization)

31. What is Secure Biometrics? l Study the attacks of biometrics systems - Modifying fingerprints - Modifying facial features l Develop a security policy and model for the system - Application independent and Application specific policies - Enforce Security constraints l Entire face is classified but the nose can be displayed - Develop a formal model - Formalize the policy l Design the system and identify security critical components - Reference monitor for biometrics systems

32. Security Vulnerabilities l Type 1 attack: present fake biometric such a synthetic biometric l Type 2 attack: Submit a previously intercepted biometric data: replay l Type 3 attack: Compromising the feature extractor module to give results desired by attacker l Type 4 attack: Replace the genuine feature values produced by the system by fake values desired by attacker l Type 5 attack: Produce a high number of matching results l Type 6 attack: Attack the template database: add templates, modify templates etc.

33. Security and Privacy for Biometrics l Privacy of the Individuals have to be protected l CNN News Release: August 29, 2005 - Distorting Biometrics Enhances Security and Privacy - Biometric data converted to numerical strings by mathematical algorithm for later use - If the mathematical templates are stolen could be dangerous - Researchers have developed method to alter the images in a defined and repeated way - Hackers steal the distortion not the original face or fingerprint

34. Digital Forensics Dr. Bhavani Thuraisingham The University of Texas at Dallas

35. Outline l Introduction l Applications - Law enforcement, Human resources, Other l Services l Benefits l Using the evidence l Conclusion

36. Digital Forensics l Digital forensics is about the investigation of crime including using digital/computer methods l More formally: “Digital forensics, also known as computer forensics, involved the preservation, identification, extraction, and documentation of computer evidence stored as data or magnetically encoded information”, by John Vacca l Digital evidence may be used to analyze cyber crime (e.g. Worms and virus), physical crime (e.g., homicide) or crime committed through the use of computers (e.g., child pornography)

37. Relationship to Intrusion Detection, Firewalls, Honeypots l They all work together with Digital forensics techniques l Intrusion detection - Techniques to detect network and host intrusions l Firewalls - Monitors traffic going to and from and organization l Honeypots - Set up to attract the hacker or enemy; Trap l Digital forensics - Once the attack has occurred or crime committed need to decide who committed the crime

38. Computer Crime l Computers are attacked – Cyber crime - Computer Virus l Computers are used to commit a crime - E.g., child predators, Embezzlement, Fraud l Computers are used to solve a crime l FBI’s workload: Recent survey - 74% of their efforts on white collar crimes such as healthcare fraud, financial fraud etc. - Remaining 26% of efforts spread across all other areas such as murder and child pornography - Source: 2003 Computer Crime and Security Survey, FBI

39. Objective and Priority l Objective of Computer Forensics - To recovery, analyze and present computer based material in such a way that is it usable as evidence in a court of law - Note that the definition is the following: “computer forensics, involves the preservation, identification, extraction, and documentation of computer evidence stored as data or magnetically encoded information”, by John Vacca l Priority - Main priority is with forensics procedures, rules of evidence and legal processes; computers are secondary - Therefore accuracy is crucial

40. Accuracy vs Speed l Tradeoffs between accuracy and speed - E.g., Taking 4 courses in a semester vs. 2 courses; more likely to get Bs and not As - Writing a report in a hurry means likely less accurate l Accuracy: Integrity and Security of the evidence is crucial - No shortcuts, need to maintain high standards l Speed may have to be sacrificed for accuracy. - But try to do it as fast as you can provided you do not compromise accuracy

41. The Job of a Forensics Specialist l Determine the systems from which evidence is collected l Protect the systems from which evidence is collected l Discover the files and recover the data l Get the data ready for analysis l Carry out an analysis of the data l Produce a report l Provide expert consultation and/or testimony?

42. Applications: Law Enforcement l Important for the evidence to be handled by a forensic expert; else it may get tainted l Need to choose an expert carefully - What is his/her previous experience? Has he/she worked on prior cases? Has he/she testified in court? What is his/her training? Is he CISSP certified? l Forensic expert will be scrutinized/cross examined by the defense lawyers l Defense lawyers may have their own possibly highly paid experts?

43. Applications: Human Resources l To help the employer - What web sites visited? - What files downloaded - Have attempts been made to conceal the evidence or fabricate the evidence - Emails sent/received l To help the employee - Emails sent by employer – harassment - Notes on discrimination - Deleted files by employer

44. Applications: Other l Supporting criminals - Gangs using computer forensics to find out about members and subsequently determine their whereabouts l Support rogue governments and terrorists - Terrorists using computer forensics to find out about what we (the good guys) are doing l We and the law enforcement have to be one step ahead of the bad guys l Understand the mind of the criminal

45. Services l Data Services - Seizure, Duplication and preservation, recovery l Document and Media - Document searched, Media conversion l Expert witness l Service options l Other services

46. Data Services l Data Seizure - The expert should assist the law enforcement official in collecting the data. - Need to identify the disks that contain the data l Data Duplication and Preservation - Data absolutely cannot be contaminated - Copy of the data has to be made and need to work with the copy and keep the original in a safe place l Data Recovery - Once the device is seized (either local or remote) need to use appropriate tools to recover the data

47. Data Services: Finding Hidden Data l When files are deleted, usually they can be recovered l The files are marked as deleted, but they are still residing in the disk until they are overwritten l Files may also be hidden in different parts of the disk l The challenge is to piece the different part of the file together to recover the original file l There is research on using statistical methods for file recovery l http://www.cramsession.com/articles/files/finding-hidden- data---how-9172003-1401.asp http://www.cramsession.com/articles/files/finding-hidden- data---how-9172003-1401.asp l http://www.devtarget.org/downloads/ca616-seufert- wolfgarten-assignment2.pdf

48. Document and Media Services l Document Searches - Efficient search of numerous documents - Check for keywords and correlations l Media Conversion - Legacy devices may contain unreadable data. This data ahs to be converted using appropriate conversion tools - Should be placed in appropriate storage for analysis

49. Expert Witness Services l Expert should explain computer terms and complicated processes in an easy to understand manner to law enforcement, lawyers, judges and jury - Computer technologists and lawyers speak different languages l Expertise - Computer knowledge and expertise in computer systems, storage - Knowledge on interacting with lawyers, criminology - Domain knowledge such as embezzlement, child exploitation l Should the expert witness and the forencis specialist be one and the same?

50. Service Options l Should provide various types of services - Standard, Emergency, Priority, Weekend After hours services l Onsite/Offsite services l Cost and risks – major consideration l Example: Computer Forensics Services Corporation - http://www.computer-forensic.com/ http://www.computer-forensic.com/ - As stated in the above web site, this company provides “expert, court approved, High Tech Investigations, litigation support and IT Consulting.” They also "Preserve, identify, extract, document and interpret computer data. It is often more of an art than a science, but as in any discipline, computer forensic specialists follow clear, well-defined methodologies and procedures.”

51. Other Services l Computer forensics data analysis for criminal and civil investigations/litigations l Analysis of company computers to determine employee activity - If he/she conducting his own business and/or downloading pornography - Surveillance for suspicious event detection l Produce timely reports

52. Benefits of using Professional services l Protecting the evidence - Should prevent from damage and corruption l Secure the evidence - Store in a secure place, also use encryption technologies such as public/private keys l Ensure that the evidence is not harmed by virus l Document clearly who handled the data and when - auditing l Cleint/Attoney privilege l Freeze the scene of the crime – do not contaminate or change

53. Using the Evidence: Criminal and Civil Proceedings l Criminal prosecutors l Civil litigation attorneys – harassment, discrimination, embezzlement, divorce l Insurance companies l Computer forensics specialists to help corporations and lawyers l Law enforcement officials l Individuals to sue a company l Also defense attorneys, and “the bad guys”

54. Issues and Problems that could occur l Computer Evidence MUST be - Authentic: not tampered with - Accurate: have high integrity - Complete: no missing points - Convincing: no holes - Conform: rules and regulations - Handle change: data may be volatile and time sensitive - Handle technology changes: tapes to disks; MAC to PC - Human readable: Binary to words

55. Legal tests l Countries with a common law tradition - UK, US, Possibly Canada, Australia, New Zealand l Real evidence - Comes from an inanimate object and can be examined by the court l Testimonial evidence - Live witness when cross examined l Hearsay - Wiki entry “Hearsay in English law and Hearsay in United States law, a legal principle concerning the admission of evidence through repetition of out-of-court statements”Hearsay in English lawHearsay in United States law l Are the following admissible in court? - Data mining results, emails, printed documents

56. Traditional Forensics vs Computer Forensics l Traditional Forensics - Materials tested and testing methods usually do not change rapidly - Blood, DNA, Drug, Explosive, Fabric l Computer Forensics - Material tested and testing methods may change rapidly - We did not have web logs in back in 1990 - We did not have RAID storage in 1980

57. Conclusion l Important to have experts for computer forensics evidence gathering and analysis l Important to secure the evidence: authenticity, completeness, integrity l Important to have the proper tools for analysis l Important to apply the correct legal tests l Computer forencis can be used to benefit both the “good and bad guys” l Need to be several steps smarter than the enemy