2. personality disorder: enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to and thinking about the environment and oneself.... that are inflexible and maladaptive - cause functional impairment or subjective distress chronic originate in childhood – continue as an adult may or may not distress the person with the disorder listed on Axis II of the DSM-IV

3. Cluster A: odd or eccentric beliefs Paranoid p.d. Schizoid p.d. Schizotypal p.d. Cluster B: dramatic, emotional, erratic Antisocial p.d. Borderline p.d. Narcissistic p.d. Histrionic p.d. Cluster C: fearful disorders Obsessive-Compulsive p.d. Avoidant p.d. Dependent p.d.

4. failure to conform to social norms deceitfulness impulsivity aggressiveness – repeated fights or assaults disregard safety of self and others irresponsibility lack of remorse

5. psychopathy: focuses on personality traits – some psychopaths do not have legal or severe interpersonal problems psychopathy: focuses on personality traits – some psychopaths do not have legal or severe interpersonal problems Glibness/superficial charm Grandiose sense of self-worth Prone to boredom/need stimulation Pathological lying Conning/manipulative Lack of remorse

6. Crowe “adopted away” children of felons had significantly higher criminality Eysenck & Eysenck criminality concordance rate - Monozygotic – 55% - Dyzygotic – 13%

7. under-arousal hypothesis: abnormally low level of cortical arousal fearlessness hypothesis: higher threshold for experiencing fear than others differences in autonomic arousal galvanic skin response (GSR): measure of sweating and autonomic arousal

8. coercive family process – parents give into children to avoid problems trauma SES disadvantage after age 40 – the psychopath begins to “burn out”

9. frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment unstable and intense interpersonal relationships unstable self-image or sense of self impulsivity in ways that are harmful recurrent suicidal behavior or self-mutilating affective instability chronic feelings of emptiness inappropriate anger transient paranoid ideation – severe dissociation

10. Based on a bio-social theory of BPD. Emotionally Vulnerable Person An invalidating Environment Problems w/ 1. Ability to Understand & label feelings. 2. Coping skills. 3. Emotion modulation.

11. medications: tricyclic antidepressants and lithium dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) – Linehan help cope with stressors that trigger suicidal behaviors – learn to identify and regulate emotions

12. histrionic personality disorder: express emotions in an overly dramatic fashion – often seductive in appearance - speech is vague, impressionistic Lilienfeld and colleagues Histrionic overlaps with antisocial p.d. – females histrionic – while males antisocial

13. narcissisic personality disorder: pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy Kohut – caused by a lack of empathic “mirroring” by parents early in development – child is fixated on self-centered grandiose stage of development

14. paranoid personality disorder: excessively mistrustful and suspicious of others without justification

15. schizoid personality disorder: pattern of detachment from social relationships combined with a limited range of emotions in interpersonal situations schizotypal personality disorder: social isolation combined with odd or eccentric beliefs

16. preoccupied with details, rules, lists, order, or schedules – point of activity becomes lost preoccupied with details, rules, lists, order, or schedules – point of activity becomes lost excessively devoted to work and productivity to exclusion of friends and leisure excessively devoted to work and productivity to exclusion of friends and leisure inflexible about matters of morality inflexible about matters of morality can’t discard worn out items can’t discard worn out items can’t delegate tasks to others can’t delegate tasks to others miserly spending miserly spending rigidity and stubborn rigidity and stubborn

17. avoidant personality disorder: pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation behavioral intervention techniques for anxiety and social skills problems systematic desensitization behavioral rehearsal

18. dependent personality disorder: excessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation agree with others even when they disagree to avoid rejection – cling to relationships