1. Topic 12 continued: Tectonic Plates There are three (3) types of plate boundaries: 1) divergent plate boundary – where two plates separate or diverge. 2) convergent plate boundary – where two plates collide or converge. 3) transform plate boundary – where two plates slide past each other.

2. Divergent Plate Boundaries When the plates move APART, magma rises from below to fill in the separation, resulting in lava flows and volcanoes. The divergence also results in earthquakes. Divergence within oceanic crust produces volcanic activity creating mid-ocean ridges (mountain ranges at the bottom of the ocean floor). Divergence within the continental crust, results in a continental rift valley.

3. Convergent Plate Boundaries When two plates converge, the denser plate will sink under the other. This is called subduction. The bending down of the subducting plate warps the crust and an oceanic trench is formed. * If the two plates that collide are oceanic plates, then that can result in a volcanic island arc * If the two plates that collide are different (one oceanic and one continental), then that can result in a series of volcanoes & young mountains.

4. Transform Plate Boundaries When two plates are sliding past one another, earthquakes occur. The San Andreas fault system in California is an example.

5. Hot spots are volcanic activities that occur in the interior parts of plates away from plate boundaries. The spot or location is fixed. Hawaii is an example of a Hot Spot  Over time, the plates move over the hot spot and a chain of volcanoes are formed

6. Continents fit together like a jigsaw puzzle There are similar minerals, fossils, rocks and surface features where the continents may have fit together. The rocks created at the mid-ocean ridges get older as you move further away from the ridge. Environmental hazards; volcanic activity, earthquakes, and tsunamis Changes in Earth’s climate (from mountain ranges, volcanic particles and ash) EFFECTS OF PLATE TECTONICS