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Chapter 8Copyright ©2010 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved ECON Designed by Amy McGuire, B-books, Ltd. McEachern 2010- 2011 8 CHAPTER Unemployment and Inflation Macro
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Chapter 8Copyright ©2010 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved LO 1 Unemployment Unemployment Personal cost Cost on the economy Measuring unemployment Civilian non-institutional adult population Labor force Employed + Unemployed Unemployment rate Percentage of unemployed in the labor force
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Chapter 8Copyright ©2010 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved LO 1 Adult population Employed Working full time or part time Not working Unemployed (looking for work) Not in labor force Retired; students; don’t want to work Discouraged workers Unemployment
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Chapter 8Copyright ©2010 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved LO 1 Labor force participation rate Number in labor force / Adult population Unemployment over time Rise during contractions Fall during expansions Overall downward trend (1980s to 2000) Growing economy Fewer teenagers in workforce Unemployment
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Chapter 8Copyright ©2010 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved LO 1 The U.S. Unemployment Rate Since 1900 Exhibit 2
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Chapter 8Copyright ©2010 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved Unemployment Rates for Various Groups LO 1 Exhibit 3(a)
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Chapter 8Copyright ©2010 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved Unemployment Rates for Various Groups LO 1 Exhibit 3(b)
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Chapter 8Copyright ©2010 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved Unemployment Rates Differ Across U.S. Metropolitan Areas LO 1 Exhibit 4
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Chapter 8Copyright ©2010 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved LO 1 Sources of Unemployment Frictional unemployment Bring together employers and job seekers Doesn’t last long Better match workers and jobs Seasonal unemployment Seasonal changes
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Chapter 8Copyright ©2010 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved LO 1 Sources of Unemployment Structural unemployment Mismatch of skills or geographic location Problem Cyclical unemployment Increases during recessions Decreases during expansions
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Chapter 8Copyright ©2010 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved LO 1 Full Employment Full employment No cyclical unemployment Some unemployment Frictional Structural Seasonal Estimates: 4-6%
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Chapter 8Copyright ©2010 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved LO 1 Unemployment Compensation Unemployment benefits Half of the unemployed Criteria Lost job Looking for work Time limit: 6 months 40% of wages May reduce the incentive to find work
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Chapter 8Copyright ©2010 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved Inflation LO 2 Inflation Sustained increase in price level Annual inflation rate Percentage increase in price level Hyperinflation Extremely high inflation Deflation Sustained decrease in price level Disinflation Decrease in inflation
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Chapter 8Copyright ©2010 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved Two Sources of Inflation LO 2 Increase in AD Demand-pull inflation Increased government spending Social programs Decrease in AS Cost-push inflation Increase cost of production Push up the price level Stagflation
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Chapter 8Copyright ©2010 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved Inflation Caused by Shifts of Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Curves Aggregate output0 Price level P’P’ P AS AD’ AD (a)Demand-pull inflation: inflation caused by an increase of aggregate demand An outward shift of the aggregate demand to AD’ “pulls” the price level up from P to P’. Aggregate output0 Price level P’P’ P AS AD (b) Cost-push inflation: inflation caused by a decrease of aggregate supply A decrease of aggregate supply to AS’ “pushes” the price level up from P to P’. AS’ LO 2 Exhibit 6
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Chapter 8Copyright ©2010 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved Inflation Since 1913 LO 2 Exhibit 7(b)
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Chapter 8Copyright ©2010 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved Average Annual Inflation from 2004 to 2008 Differed across U.S. Metropolitan Areas LO 2 Exhibit 8
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Chapter 8Copyright ©2010 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved Why is Inflation Unpopular? LO 2 Pay higher prices Inflation = Penalty Receive higher receipts Higher income ‘Well-deserved’ reward Fixed nominal income Unadjusted for inflation Social Security Adjusted for inflation (COLA)
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