1. Data Visualization Seminar NCDC, April 27 2011 Todd Pierce Module 1 Data Visualization

2. Introduction This seminar will look at visualization from the viewpoint of human perception and cognition How do humans perceive and use visuals? What are some principles that can be applied to visualizations to make them more effective? The seminar is a summary of the first half of the UNC Asheville class “Tools for Climate Data and Decision-Making”

3. Outline 1 Data Visualization – history, uses, good and bad visuals 2 Human Perception – visual attendance, patterns, and working memory 3 The Eightfold Way – principles for effective visualizations Lunch break 4 Best Practices – color, parts of a graph, picking the correct graph 5 Types of Graphs – types of analysis supported, do’s and don’t’s 6 Maps – (if time allows) THEORY PRACTICE

4. Sources

5. Sources

6. Sources

7. Let’s Get Started Facebook Friends Graph http://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/visualizing- friendships/469716398919

8. Need for Climate Change Communication Why are the skills in this course important? -Climate Data needs to be a part of decision making as humans must start enacting climate mitigation and climate adaptation programs -Climate Data is overwhelming in its quantity and needs to be better presented in visualizations – maps, charts, graphs – that can be used in decision making

9. Need for Climate Change Communication According to Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States -Global warming is unequivocal and primarily human-induced -Climate changes are underway in the US and are projected to grow -Widespread climate-related impacts are occurring now and are expected to increase -Future climate change and its impacts depend on choices made today

10. Need for Climate Change Communication Despite the need for choices to be made now, climate change skepticism abounds http://environment.yale.edu/uploads/SixAmericasJan2010.pdf

11. Need for Climate Change Communication There is a need to counteract the skeptics, but how? Climate Change is not a sound bite – it has complex concepts and counterintuitive findings as well as mountains of data. Some examples…

12. Need for Climate Change Communication Skeptics vs Scientific Consensus http://www.informationisbeautiful.net/visualizations/climate-change- deniers-vs-the-consensus/ Increasing Sea Levels http://www.informationisbeautiful.net/visualizations/when-sea-levels-attack/

13. Need for Climate Change Communication Moscow Summer Heat Wave 2010 http://www.climatecentral.org/gallery/graphics/how_unusual_was_the_russi an_heat_wave_of_2010/

14. Need for Climate Change Communication Increased US Snow http://www.climatecentral.org/gallery/graphics/arctic-paradox-warmer- arctic-may-mean-colder-winters-for-some/

15. Data Visualization So…data visualization can help explain climate change data (as well as many other things) Let’s look at data visualization why use it? when did it get started? what makes a good or bad visualization?

16. Why Use Visualizations? To explain and to persuade “picture is worth a thousand words” Visuals help meet several objectives

17. Why Use Visualizations? Objectives for Visuals -Clarity: make technical or numerical data easier to understand -Simplification: break down narrative description into smaller parts (flow chart) -Emphasis: draw attention to certain facts -Summarization: show conclusions or main points

18. Why Use Visualizations? Objectives for Visuals -Reinforcement: complement text and use repetition to help remember idea -Interest: break up blocks of text -Impact: grab reader’s attention and keep it -Credibility: impress reader with data validity (“pictures don’t lie” ?) -Coherence: help show how related parts of a document work together

19. Definition Data visualization: the visual representations that support the exploration, examination, and communication of data. Information visualization: abstract data Scientific visualization: physical data, such as through X rays or MRI scans

20. History Tables date to 2 nd century CE, first ones in Egypt for astronomical data for navigation Descartes created the Cartesian graph in the 17 th century, but for mathematical analysis, not for information visualization source: Stephen Few

21. History In late 18 th /early 19 th century, William Playfair created or improved graphs for use in information visualization – invented the bar graph, used line graphs to show time trends, and invented the pie chart. source: Stephen Few

22. History First college course in graphs in 1913 at Iowa State – today few courses offered outside of statistics classes John Tukey in 1977 started exploratory data analysis as a tool for statistics – invented tools such as the box plot to help show trends in data and prove power of visualization for data exploration source: Stephen Few

23. History Edward Tufte in 1983 published The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, the first book to really show effective and beautiful ways existed to show data, and that most visuals did not use them source: Stephen Few

24. History In 1984 the Apple Macintosh debuted – the first affordable PC with a graphical interface William Cleveland in 1985 published The Elements of Graphic Data – expanded on Tukey and improved use of visualization in statistics source: Stephen Few

25. History The National Science Foundation started efforts in scientific visualization in 1986 By 1999, information visualization was recognized as distinct discipline within visualization in general Two conditions needed for modern information visualization: – graphical computers – lots of readily accessible data. – Before, data was limited to the printed page, which can only be physically manipulated – the data is locked on the page and can’t be changed. With computers, users can interact with the data and explore ways to show it.

26. What Makes a Good Visual? Easy to understand Combines multiple data sources Tells a story Encourages aha! Moments Leads to new insights and predictions Often used in unrelated areas “forces us to notice what we never expected to see” – J W Tukey

27. What Makes a Good Visual? Easy to understand

28. What Makes a Good Visual? Easy to understand

29. What Makes a Good Visual? Combines multiple data sources

30. What Makes a Good Visual? Combines multiple data sources

31. What Makes a Good Visual? Tells a story

32. What Makes a Good Visual? Encourages aha! moments

33. What Makes a Good Visual?

34. Leads to new insights and predictions

35. What Makes a Good Visual? Leads to new insights and predictions

36. What Makes a Good Visual? Often used in unrelated areas

37. What Makes a Good Visual? Often used in unrelated areas

38. What Makes a Good Visual? Often used in unrelated areas

39. What Makes a Good Visual? Often used in unrelated areas

40. What Makes a Good Visual? Often used in unrelated areas

41. What Makes a Good Visual? Often used in unrelated areas

42. What Makes a Bad Visual? Misleading or wrong Ignores context Ugly Confusing Obscures message With computers, it is very easy to make a bad chart, graph, or map

43. What Makes a Bad Visual? Misleading or wrong (perspective issues)

44. What Makes a Bad Visual? Misleading or wrong (area used for linear value)

45. What Makes a Bad Visual? Misleading or wrong

46. What Makes a Bad Visual? Misleading or wrong

47. What Makes a Bad Visual? Misleading or wrong

48. What Makes a Bad Visual? Misleading or wrong – track removed

49. What Makes a Bad Visual? Misleading or wrong

50. What Makes a Bad Visual? Ignores context

51. What Makes a Bad Visual? Ignores context

52. What Makes a Bad Visual? Ugly (“chart junk”)

53. What Makes a Bad Visual? Confusing

54. What Makes a Bad Visual? Obscures message

55. What Makes a Bad Visual? Obscures message – better version

56. Next Module: Human Perception How can we make visuals better, so they show more of the ‘good’ qualities and less of the ‘bad’ qualities? We can consider principles of human perception.