1. Cross-Tabs With Ordinal Variables 10/31/2013

2. BSS Career Fair Wednesday 11/6/2013- Mabee A & B Who will be there?there? More InformationInformation

3. Readings Chapter 7 Tests of Significance and Measures of Association (Pollock) (pp. 155-179) Chapter 5 Making Controlled Comparisons (Pollock Workbook) Chapter 7 Chi-Square and Measures of Association (Pollock Workbook)

4. Homework Due 11/7 Chapter 7 Pollock Workbook – Question 1 A, B, C, D, E, F – Question 2 A, B, C, D – Question 3 A, B, C, D – Question 5 A, B, C D, E

5. OPPORTUNITIES TO DISCUSS COURSE CONTENT

6. Office Hours For the Week When – Friday 8-9, 10-11:30 – Monday 10-12 – Tuesday 8-12 – And by appointment

7. Course Learning Objectives 1.Students will be able to interpret and explain empirical data. 2.Students will achieve competency in conducting statistical data analysis using the SPSS software program.

8. MEASURES OF ASSOCIATION

9. Why Hypothesis Testing To determine whether a relationship exists between two variables and did not arise by chance. (Statistical Significance) To measure the strength of the relationship between an independent and a dependent variable? (association)

10. Why Measures of Association Chi-Square only tests for significance It does not say how strongly the variables are related We Use a Measure of Association to Do this

11. A measure of association is a single number that reflects the strength of the relationship

12. Measures of Association for Nominal Variables Measure of AssociationRangeCharacteristics Lambda0 - 1.0 may underestimate, but a PRE measure Phi0 - 1.0 Use for a 2x2 table only and is Chi-square based Cramer's V0 - 1.0 Chi-square based and the compliment to PHI.

13. Measures of association For Cross-Tabs Nominal Strength Significance Ordinal Strength Significance Direction!

14. Ordinal Measures of Association MeasureRangeCharacteristics Gamma-1.0 to 1.0Tends to be generous Kendall's Tau B-1.0 to 1.0For square tables Kendall's Tau C-1.0 to 1.0For rectangular Somers’ D-1.0 to 1.0Our preferred measure

15. GDP and Democracy

16. Born again

17. Questions What Percent of Americans believe that Jesus will definitely return in the next 40 years? State the full directional relationship found in the cross tab. (people who are not born again Christians are….)

19. An Example Maurice Duverger (1957) wrote that "the simple-majority single-ballot system favors the two-party system" and that "multimember districts favor multiple parties". Hypothesis- PR systems will have more parties – D.V. -enpp3_democ (Effective number of parliamentary parties: 3 cats) – IV- pr_sys (PR system)

20. Another One From the states.sav Hypothesis- States that are more secular, will have fewer restrictions on abortion DV- abortlaw3 IV- secularism3

21. Open up the States.sav and run an Ordinal Relationship!

22. EXPORTING OUTPUTS

23. Putting Outputs into Word An Advantage of SPSS is incorporating outputs into documents The best way to do this is to paste it as an image within your document

24. Copying From SPSS Right Click on your output and choose copy

25. The “Paste Special Command” The paste special command gives you the most options Pasting as an image allows you to resize and move your output around the document Step 1

26. What Not to Do DON’T Just Cut and paste It is more trouble than it is worth (resizing columns, spacing, etc)

27. HOW TO CONTROL FOR A VARIABLE? Adding a Third Variable

28. A Third Variable the relationship between two variables may be spurious, weak or even too strong "controlling" for a third variable is a method of removing or separating the effects of another variable. This gets at the underlying relationship

29. Why Add the Third Variable Is there an antecedent variable at play? Is the observation different for different groups of people

30. Marijuana and a Third Variable H1: People with children will have different views on legalization than others of the same ideology Cross-tabs – Input Row Variable – Input Column Variable – To control for a variable place it in the area that says Layer 1 of 1.

33. Views on Homosexuality, Party ID and Race DV- homosex2 IV- partyid3 Control- race 2

34. DATA AND DATASETS

35. About the paper Your Topic needs to be approved – 11/21 is the approval date for extra credit on the final No Required length – Different statistical methods – Different sized tables

36. About the paper One Dependent variable At least four independent variables

37. Thinking about your topic In Capstone you try to justify/advocate by using the words “should” or “ought” in your title In this paper you want to explain/describe/predict by using the words “why” or “what” in your title.

38. About your data It must be in SPSS format It must be secondary data You do not want to use time-series data You do not want to use “old” data

39. Data Sets Use one from the CD – NES – GSS – States – World

40. Pew Data Center Pew Research Center – http://www.people-press.org/category/datasets/ http://www.people-press.org/category/datasets/ Locate a dataset – Search the codebook for variables – Narrow down the ones you want – Email me I will get the dataset for you