1. The Toulmin Model: How we will approach reading, analyzing and writing this year

2. Stephen E. Toulmin  philosopher and rhetorical theorist  born in England in 1922  received his Bachelor’s degree at King’s College and his Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy degrees from Cambridge

3. More on Toulmin  Toulmin taught at the University of Southern California from 1993 - 2009  In 1958, Toulmin offered his model of argumentation: a way to compare “truths”

4. Claim Toulmin’s Model  Toulmin Model has three main parts: Data Warrant

5. Toulmin Model, cont.  Simply: A Claim is made. Data is provided in the form of supporting facts. The Warrant connects the Data to the Claim.

6. Example #1  “I am an American.” (Claim)  “My mother was an American citizen when I was born.” (Data)  Anyone born of an American citizen is a legal American citizen. (Warrant)  Toulmin says that the Claim and the Data cannot hold without a sufficiently strong Warrant, or, the weakest argument is the one with the weakest warrant.

7. Example #2  The U.S. Postal service is wasteful and inefficient. The proposed new mail distribution agency will be wasteful and inefficient. Claim: The proposed new mail distribution agency will be wasteful and inefficient. Data: The U.S. Postal service is wasteful and inefficient. Warrant: the two situations are similar (Reasoning by analogy)

8. Let's try one together  This is the coldest winter since 2000. My heating bills are going to be outrageous. Claim: Data: Warrant:

9. And another one together  I work hard in class, do my homework every night and study for tests. I am going to ace Ms. Rohde's class! Claim: Data: Warrant:

10. Types of Claims  fact: claims that have historical backing  judgment/value: claims involving opinions and attitudes  policy: claims advocating courses of action that should be undertaken

11. Types of Data Fact or Statistic: a point of data that claims some objective Expert Testimony: a stated opinion by a person experienced in the field Personal Anecdote: personal experience gained from time in the related field

12. Connecting the Claim and Data  underline a claim, warrant (if it states one) and data in the article  create a diagram of the claim, warrant, and data that looks like the example below Claim: ------------------ Data: Smoking is bad It causes lung cancer Warrant: Lung cancer is bad.

13. Observation 1 Inherency SPS tech exists, but it needs money Claim: ------------------ Data: SPS exists, but no $$R&D makes tech better - Warrant: if we had invested money, SPS would already work now.

14. Observation 2 Harm Global Warming is happening now because of humans Claim: ------------------ Data: Warming now - 2000 was warmest year ever - coal and fossil fuel use by humans trap heat. - natural causes couldn’t have caused all the temp rise Warrant: if we had invested money, SPS would already work now.

15. Observation 2 Harm Global Warming will destroy the planet Claim: ------------------ Data: Warming -> destroy planet Warrant:

16. Observation 3 Solvency SPS will solve warming before too late – break the dependence on fossil fuel Claim: ------------------ Data: Warrant:

17. Observation 3 Solvency SPS best Alt energy source Claim: ------------------ Data: Warrant:

18. Observation 3 Solvency SPS cheap, work well, and possible Claim: ------------------ Data: Warrant: